Technical note: Evaporating water is different from bulk soil water in <i>δ</i>²H and <i>δ</i>¹⁸O and has implications for evaporation calculation by H. Wang, H. Wang, H. Wang, J. Jin, B. Cui, B. Si, B. Si, X. Ma, M. Wen

“…BW was obtained by cryogenically extracting water from samples of 0–5 cm soil taken every 3 d; EW was derived from condensation water collected every 2 d on a plastic film placed on the soil surface. …”
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Measurement and deduction of emissions of short-lived atmospheric organo-chloride compounds by Kleiman, Gary, 1969-

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Topics in multidimensional optical spectroscopy I. Theoretical studies of finite pulse effects II. Applications to plant light-harvesting complex and nanomaterials by Do, Thanh Nhut

“…In Chapter 5, we take a closer look at the cryogenic 77 K 2DES measurement. We construct a phenomenological model to fit our 2DES data and extract the spectral information of the excitonic states, as well as the kinetic parameters. …”
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Development Of Hollow Fiber Carbon Membranes From Poly (P-Phenylene Oxide) For Gas Separation by Tamar Jaya, Muhammad Azan

“…Gas separation based on membrane technology has become more attractive in chemical industry compared to conventional approaches such as cryogenic process and pressure swing adsorption since membrane separations are energy-effective, mechanically simpler system, and can be operated under lower pressures and temperatures. …”
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Are ionic liquids extremophiles cell wall breakers? <br />Esther Gutiérrez, M. Ángeles Sanromán, Ana Rodríguez, Francisco J. Deive * <br /> <br />Department of Chemi... by Esther Gutiérrez, Ana Rodríguez

“…With this purpose, conventional methods fall into two main categories: physical (agitation in the presence of glass and ceramic beads, ultrasonication, high pressure homogenization, cryogenic grinding) and chemical (acid, alkali) (Ulloa <i>et al.…”
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N₂O isotopocule measurements using laser spectroscopy: analyzer characterization and intercomparison by S. J. Harris, S. J. Harris, J. Liisberg, L. Xia, J. Wei, K. Zeyer, L. Yu, M. Barthel, B. Wolf, B. F. J. Kelly, D. I. Cendón, T. Blunier, J. Six, J. Mohn

“…The coupling of non-cryogenic and tuneable light sources with different detection schemes, such as direct absorption quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS), cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) and off-axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA-ICOS), has enabled the production of commercially available and field-deployable <span class="inline-formula">N₂O</span> isotopic analyzers. …”
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Trends and inferred emissions of atmospheric high molecular weight perfluorocarbons by Ivy, Diane Jean

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3D interconnects and multi-module integrated surface electrode ion trap for scalable quantum information processing by Zhao, Peng

“…In terms of the ion trapping performance, both the heating rate (17 quanta/ms for an axial frequency of 300 kHz) and the lifetime (~30 minutes) of TSV trap are comparable with non-cryogenic traps of similar dimensions. Moreover, a customized CPGA with patterned redistribution layer is used to locate TSV integrated trap directly in the absence of glass interposer, facilitating high-efficiency thermal management and upgrading the packaging flexibility. …”
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New precise spectroscopy of the hyperfine structure in muonium with a high-intensity pulsed muon beam by S. Kanda, Y. Fukao, Y. Ikedo, K. Ishida, M. Iwasaki, D. Kawall, N. Kawamura, K.M. Kojima, N. Kurosawa, Y. Matsuda, T. Mibe, Y. Miyake, S. Nishimura, N. Saito, Y. Sato, S. Seo, K. Shimomura, P. Strasser, K.S. Tanaka, T. Tanaka, H.A. Torii, A. Toyoda, Y. Ueno

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Hyperfine interaction studies using low temperature nuclear orientation by Johnston, P, Johnston, P. D.

“…</p> <p>The theoretical basis of the nuclear orientation, and the observation of nuclear magnetic resonance by the perturbation of the thermal equilibrium gamma-ray anisotropic distribution from a system of oriented nuclei, is discussed in chapter one. The cryogenic apparatus and the experimental procedure is discussed in chapter two, including nuclear magnetic resonance measurements on three simple systems <em>Fe</em> ⁶⁰Co, <em>Co</em> ⁶⁰Co, and <em>Fe</em> ⁹⁶To. …”

Temperature and strain controls on ice deformation mechanisms: insights from the microstructures of samples deformed to progressively higher strains at −10, −20 and −30&thinsp;°C... by S. Fan, T. F. Hager, D. J. Prior, A. J. Cross, A. J. Cross, D. L. Goldsby, C. Qi, M. Negrini, J. Wheeler

“…Microstructural data were generated from cryogenic electron backscattered diffraction (cryo-EBSD) analyses. …”
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A Geochemical Approach for Monitoring a CO2 Pilot Site: Rousse, France. A Major gases, CO2-Carbon Isotopes and Noble Gases Combined Approach Une méthode géochimique pour la surve... by Garcia B., Billiot J.H., Rouchon V., Mouronval G., Lescanne M., Lachet V., Aimard N.

“…Indeed, Ne is depleted relatively to the air, while Kr is enriched up to tenfold, which results from the cryogenic separation of the air noble gases within the ASU. …”
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A combination of soil water extraction methods quantifies the isotopic mixing of waters held at separate tensions in soil by W. H. Bowers, J. J. Mercer, M. S. Pleasants, D. G. Williams, D. G. Williams

“…Soil water samples were subsequently sequentially extracted at three tensions (“low-tension” centrifugation <span class="inline-formula">≈0.016</span>&thinsp;MPa; “mid-tension” centrifugation <span class="inline-formula">≈1.14</span>&thinsp;MPa; and “high-tension” cryogenic vacuum distillation at an estimated tension greater than 100&thinsp;MPa) after variable equilibration periods of 0&thinsp;h, 8&thinsp;h, 1&thinsp;d, 3&thinsp;d, and 7&thinsp;d. …”
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Experimental and analytical assessment of a packed bed for thermal energy storage by Khor, Jun Onn

“…The abovementioned study identified three aspects on how a TES system designed for cryogenic cold storage can be designed and improved. …”
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Ice-nucleating particle concentration measurements from Ny-Ålesund during the Arctic spring–summer in 2018 by M. Rinaldi, N. Hiranuma, G. Santachiara, M. Mazzola, K. Mansour, K. Mansour, K. Mansour, M. Paglione, C. A. Rodriguez, R. Traversi, S. Becagli, D. Cappelletti, D. Cappelletti, F. Belosi

“…Ambient INP concentrations (<span class="inline-formula"><i>n</i></span>INP) were measured for aerosol particles collected on filter samples by means of two offline instruments: the Dynamic Filter Processing Chamber (DFPC) and the West Texas Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test system (WT-CRAFT) to assess condensation and immersion freezing, respectively. …”
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Respectful Destruction by Louisa Howard

“…Cryogenically frozen embryos present a major problem for virtually all fertility centers across the globe. …”
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Mid-Infrared Laser Generation of Zn_1−xMn_xSe and Zn_1−xMg_xSe (x ≈ 0.3) Single Crystals Co-Doped by Cr²⁺ and Fe²⁺ Ion... by Adam Říha, Helena Jelínková, Maxim E. Doroshenko, Michal Jelínek, Jan Šulc, Michal Němec, David Vyhlídal, Nazar O. Kovalenko

“…Two different mid-infrared (mid-IR) solid-state crystalline laser active media of Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>:Zn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Mn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Se and Cr<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>, Fe<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>:Zn<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Mg<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mrow></mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">x</mi></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>Se with similar amounts of manganese or magnesium ions of x ≈ 0.3 were investigated at cryogenic temperatures for three different excitation wavelengths: Q-switched Er:YLF laser at the wavelength of 1.73 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m, Q-switched Er:YAG laser at 2.94 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m, and the gain-switched Fe:ZnSe laser operated at a liquid nitrogen temperature of 78 K at ∼4.05 <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi></semantics></math></inline-formula>m. …”
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P‌R‌E‌D‌I‌C‌T‌I‌O‌N O‌F H‌E‌A‌T T‌R‌A‌N‌S‌F‌E‌R D‌E‌T‌E‌R‌I‌O‌R‌A‌T‌I‌O‌N O‌N‌S‌E‌T O‌F T‌R‌A‌N‌S-C‌R‌I‌T‌I‌C‌A‌L M‌E‌T‌H‌A‌N‌E I‌N A R‌E‌C‌T‌A‌N‌G‌U‌L‌A‌R C‌H‌A‌N‌N‌E‌L... by A. Ebrahimi, M. Shokri

“…A‌s a r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t, t‌h‌e s‌t‌u‌d‌y o‌f t‌h‌i‌s p‌h‌e‌n‌o‌m‌e‌n‌o‌n i‌s i‌m‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌n‌t f‌o‌r t‌h‌e t‌h‌e‌r‌m‌a‌l a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s o‌f c‌r‌y‌o‌g‌e‌n‌i‌c m‌e‌t‌h‌a‌n‌e f‌o‌r c‌o‌o‌l‌i‌n‌g a‌p‌p‌l‌i‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s. …”
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Airborne measurements of oxygen concentration from the surface to the lower stratosphere and pole to pole by B. B. Stephens, E. J. Morgan, J. D. Bent, J. D. Bent, J. D. Bent, R. F. Keeling, A. S. Watt, S. R. Shertz, B. C. Daube

“…The NCAR/Scripps airborne flask sampler (Medusa) collects 32 cryogenically dried air samples per flight under actively controlled flow and pressure conditions. …”
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Studies in gas chromatography with reference to volatile inorganic compounds by Simpson, C

“…</p> <p>The last part of this work was concerned with the design, construction and operation of a chromatograph for operation at cryogenic temperatures. The principal feature of this apparatus was the temperature controlled air bath in which the chromatographic columns were mounted. …”