In the shadow of death: the normalization of life without parole and death penalty abolitionism in California by Vannier, M

“…<p>Since its introduction in 1978 as an alternative to the death penalty, there has been a dramatic increase and expansion of life without parole (LWOP), including beyond the scope of capital crimes for which it was originally devised. …”

Forensic assessment of criminal maturity in juvenile homicide offenders in the United States by Michael Welner, Matt DeLisi, Heather M. Knous-Westfall, David Salsberg, Theresa Janusewski

Subjects: Get full text

Assessing proportionality in capital cases: a case study of Ohio by Berry III, WW

“…</p><p> This thesis examines the use of this purported safeguard by the Ohio Supreme Court, in the form of comparative proportionality review, to determine the degree to which Ohio capital cases are ‘relatively proportionate’ in the time period after the state adopted life without parole as a sentencing option in 1996. Specifically, this thesis employs two approaches to identifying ‘similar’ cases – the overall aggravation approach (through logistic regression analysis) and the fact specific approach – and then compares each death sentence to its group of ‘similar’ cases to determine whether it is relatively proportionate, given the death sentencing ratio of its comparable group.…”