FGFs, their receptors, and human limb malformations: clinical and molecular correlations. by Wilkie, A, Patey, S, Kan, S, van den Ouweland, A, Hamel, B

“…Developmental studies in chick and mouse highlight the critical role of FGF-receptor signaling in multiple phases of limb development, including the positioning of the limb buds, the maintenance of limb bud outgrowth, the detailed patterning of the limb elements, and the growth of the long bones. …”

The vertebrate Embryo Clock: Common players dancing to a different beat by Gil Carraco, Gil Carraco, Ana P. Martins-Jesus, Raquel P. Andrade, Raquel P. Andrade, Raquel P. Andrade

“…The EC is now known to be present in all vertebrate organisms studied and this mechanism was also described in limb development and stem cell differentiation. An outstanding question, however, remains unanswered: what sets the different EC paces observed in different organisms and tissues? …”
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Bat Accelerated Regions Identify a Bat Forelimb Specific Enhancer in the HoxD Locus. by Betty M Booker, Tara Friedrich, Mandy K Mason, Julia E VanderMeer, Jingjing Zhao, Walter L Eckalbar, Malcolm Logan, Nicola Illing, Katherine S Pollard, Nadav Ahituv

“…The molecular events leading to the development of the bat wing remain largely unknown, and are thought to be caused, in part, by changes in gene expression during limb development. These expression changes could be instigated by variations in gene regulatory enhancers. …”
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Pitx1 determines characteristic hindlimb morphologies in cartilage micromass culture. by Natalie C Butterfield, Chen Qian, Malcolm P O Logan

“…How disparate morphologies are generated from common signalling inputs during limb development remains poorly understood. We show that, similar to what has been shown in the chick, characteristic differences in mouse forelimb and hindlimb cartilage morphology are maintained when chondrogenesis proceeds in vitro away from the endogenous limb bud environment. …”
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Genetic determinants of syndactyly: perspectives on pathogenesis and diagnosis by Afraah Cassim, Dineshani Hettiarachchi, Vajira H. W. Dissanayake

“…During embryogenesis, disturbance of genetic pathways in limb development could result in syndactyly; a common congenital malformation consisting of webbing in adjacent digits. …”
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Evi5 is required for Xenopus limb and tail regeneration by Li Yang, Youwei Chen, Huahua Liu, Yu Liu, Feng Yuan, Qianyan Li, Gufa Lin

“…Down-regulation of Evi5 with morpholino antisense oligos (Mo) impairs limb development and limb blastema formation in Xenopus tadpoles. …”
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Bone morphogenetic proteins: from structure to clinical use by Granjeiro J.M., Oliveira R.C., Bustos-Valenzuela J.C., Sogayar M.C., Taga R.

“…Family members are expressed during limb development, endochondral ossification, early fracture, and cartilage repair. …”
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Epidermal growth factor signalling pathway in endochondral ossification: an evidence-based narrative review by L. Mangiavini, G. M. Peretti, B. Canciani, N. Maffulli

“…EGF signalling is essential in the very early stages of limb development by maintaining cells in an undifferentiated stage. …”
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Whole-Genome Signatures of Selection in Sport Horses Revealed Selection Footprints Related to Musculoskeletal System Development Processes by Siavash Salek Ardestani, Mehdi Aminafshar, Mohammad Bagher Zandi Baghche Maryam, Mohammad Hossein Banabazi, Mehdi Sargolzaei, Younes Miar

“…The functional enrichment analysis for candidate genes revealed novel significant biological processes related to musculoskeletal system development, such as limb development and morphogenesis, having been targeted by selection in sport breeds.…”
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Investigating the human teashirt genes TSHZ2 and TSHZ3 in pancreatic and endocrine lineage commitment using genome modified human embryonic stem cells (hESC) by Eng, Shermaine Zi Hui

“…Corresponding microarray studies of PDX1 null mutant hESC with PDX1 Chromatin Immunoprecipitation-Sequencing data revealed a novel list of candidate PDX1 transcriptional targets including TSHZ2 and TSHZ3, the human homologs of the Drosophila homeotic gene teashirt, which is involved in gut and limb development. To better understand the role of these genes in human pancreatic development, the expression of TSHZ2 Variant 1 and TSHZ3 was characterized, revealing a novel spliced variant of TSHZ2 Variant 1. …”
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Amniotic fluid deficiency and congenital abnormalities both influence fluctuating asymmetry in developing limbs of human deceased fetuses. by Clara Mariquita Antoinette ten Broek, Jessica Bots, Irma Varela-Lasheras, Marianna Bugiani, Frietson Galis, Stefan Van Dongen

“…As amniotic fluid deficiency is known to cause substantial asymmetries and abnormal limb development, these subtle asymmetries are probably at least in part caused by the mechanical pressures. …”
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Altered developmental programs and oriented cell divisions lead to bulky bones during salamander limb regeneration by Marketa Kaucka, Alberto Joven Araus, Marketa Tesarova, Joshua D. Currie, Johan Boström, Michaela Kavkova, Julian Petersen, Zeyu Yao, Anass Bouchnita, Andreas Hellander, Tomas Zikmund, Ahmed Elewa, Phillip T. Newton, Ji-Feng Fei, Andrei S. Chagin, Kaj Fried, Elly M. Tanaka, Jozef Kaiser, András Simon, Igor Adameyko

“…Normal limb development relies on synchronized formation of cartilage and bone. …”
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Expanding the spectrum of SMAD3‐related phenotypes to agnathia‐otocephaly by Nicole Meier, Elisabeth Bruder, Peter Miny, Sevgi Tercanli, Isabel Filges

“…Variants affecting function of OTX2 and PRRX1, which together regulate the neural crest cells and the patterning of the first pharyngeal arch as well as skeletal and limb development, were identified to be causal for the anomaly in a few patients. …”
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A biallelic variant in IQCE predisposed to cause non-syndromic post-axial polydactyly type A by Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Raheel, Gul Hassan, Shah Zeb, Arif Mahmood, Zamrud Zehri, Hafiza Yasmin Manzoor, Muhammad Umair

“…Generally, it appears due to a defect in the anteroposterior patterning during limb development. Methods: Here, we present a proband having non-syndromic post-axial polydactyly (PAP) evaluated using whole exome sequencing followed by Sanger sequencing. …”
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Past energy allocation overwhelms current energy stresses in determining energy allocation trade‐offs by Blaine D. Griffen, Mikayla Bolander, April Blakeslee, Laura C. Crane, Michele F. Repetto, Carolyn K. Tepolt, Benjamin J. Toscano

“…As regenerating limbs get closer to their normal size, these historical injuries get harder to detect, despite the continued allocation of additional resources to limb development. Our results demonstrate the importance of and a method for identifying historic appendage losses and of quantifying the amount of regeneration that has already occurred, as opposed to assessing only current injury, to accurately assess the strength of energetic trade‐offs in animals recovering from nonlethal injury.…”
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Femoral posture during embryonic and early fetal development: An analysis using landmarks on the cartilaginous skeletons of ex vivo human specimens. by Tetsuya Takakuwa, Marie Ange Saizonou, Sena Fujii, Yousuke Kumano, Aoi Ishikawa, Tomoki Aoyama, Hirohiko Imai, Shigehito Yamada, Toru Kanahashi

“…The present study aimed to establish a timeline of lower-limb development using a precise measurement of femoral posture. …”
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The functional roles of zebrafish HoxA- and HoxD-related clusters in the pectoral fin development by Mizuki Ishizaka, Akiteru Maeno, Hidemichi Nakazawa, Renka Fujii, Sae Oikawa, Taisei Tani, Haruna Kanno, Rina Koita, Akinori Kawamura

“…Abstract The paralogs 9–13 Hox genes in mouse HoxA and HoxD clusters are critical for limb development. When both HoxA and HoxD clusters are deleted in mice, significant limb truncation is observed compared to the phenotypes of single and compound mutants of Hox9-13 genes in these clusters. …”
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A chromosome-level genome of the striated frogfish (Antennarius striatus) by Mingliang Hu, Deqian Fan, Jiaqi Hao, Fenghua Zhang, Wenjie Xu, Chenglong Zhu, Kun Wang, Xiaojing Song, Lisen Li

“…Furthermore, it establishes a foundation for future research on limb development and adaptive camouflage in this species.…”
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hoxc12/c13 as key regulators for rebooting the developmental program in Xenopus limb regeneration by Aiko Kawasumi-Kita, Sang-Woo Lee, Daisuke Ohtsuka, Kaori Niimi, Yoshifumi Asakura, Keiichi Kitajima, Yuto Sakane, Koji Tamura, Haruki Ochi, Ken-ichi T. Suzuki, Yoshihiro Morishita

“…Knocking out each of them through genome editing inhibits cell proliferation and expression of a group of genes that are essential for development, resulting in autopod regeneration failure, while limb development and initial blastema formation are not affected. …”
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3D-environment and muscle contraction regulate the heterogeneity of myonuclei by Rosa Nicolas, Marie-Ange Bonnin, Cédrine Blavet, Joana Esteves de Lima, Cécile Legallais, Delphine Duprez

“…To gain insights on the functional relevance of myonucleus heterogeneity during limb development, we used 2D culture and co-culture systems to dissociate autonomous processes (occurring in 2D-cultures) from 3D-environment of tissue development. …”
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