Model of mid-and low-latitude F region ionosphere and protonosphere by A. Tan, S.T. Wu

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The Stratosphere‐Ionosphere‐Protonosphere Coupling: Evidence From the Ion Composition Observations During the 2009 Sudden Stratospheric Warming by Ruilong Zhang, Libo Liu, Yiding Chen, Huijun Le, Wenbo Li

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Millstone Hill Thomson Scatter Results for 1964 by Evans, J. V.

“…This last effect is believed largely due to heat conducted from the protonosphere, which in winter continues to be heated by photoelectron escape from the conjugate ionosphere which remains sunlit throughout the night.…”
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Severe magnetic storm effects in the ionosphere over Istanbul:a case study by H. Agopyan

“…Interplanetary magnetic field polarities included A (field polarity Away from the solar wind)positive and T (field polarity Towards the solar wind)negative polarities.In these conditions,the local response of true height of F-region (hF) ionization fails nonlinearly from fixed plasma densities.The interplanetary B z ,the magnetic field H - component and K p were examined for the 5 days following the sudden commencement.Due to intensive geomagnetic SC effects,the lower and upper limits of the F -regions were unbalanced because of gravity relaxation and solar wind pressure effects,until normal levels were restored.In the F -layer 70%deviations of critical frequencies (f 0 F )from median values,as well as hF level variations reaching hundreds of kilometers,were observed and were responsible for the destruction of communication channels.With a plasmapause location value L =1.6 and with K p ?7 the protonosphere reservoir should take 1.1 days for its replenishment;one day was in fact insufficient for a full plasma recovery.…”
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Models of field-aligned currents needful to simulate the substorm variations of the electric field and other parameters observed by EISCAT by M. A. Volkov, A. A. Namgaladze, A. A. Namgaladze

“…We have used the global numerical model of the coupled ionosphere-thermosphere-protonosphere system to simulate the electric-field, ion- and electron-temperature and -concentration variations observed by EISCAT during the substorm event of 25 March 1987. …”
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Study of mid-latitude nighttime enhancement in F-region electron density using tomographic images over the UK by R. S. Dabas, L. Kersley

“…Results are discussed in terms of downward plasma transport from the protonosphere to the ionosphere and the nighttime neutral winds.…”
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Time-Varying Seismogenic Coulomb Electric Fields as a Probable Source for Pre-Earthquake Variation in the Ionospheric F2-Layer by Vitaly P. Kim, Valery V. Hegai, Jann Yenq Liu, Kwangsun Ryu, Jong-Kyun Chung

“…The transverse electric field with amplitude of 20 mV/m will cause perturbations in the nighttime F region electron density through heating the F region plasma resulting in a reduction of the downward plasma flux from the protonosphere and an excitation of acoustic gravity waves.…”
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Global modelling study (GSM TIP) of the ionospheric effects of excited <i>N₂</i>, convection and heat fluxes by comparison with EISCAT and satellite data for 31 July 199... by Yu. N. Korenkov, V. V. Klimenko, M. Förster, V. A. Surotkin, J. Smilauer

“…Near-earth plasma parameters were calculated using a global numerical self-consistent and time-dependent model of the thermosphere, ionosphere and protonosphere (GSM TIP). The model results are compared with experimental data of different origin, mainly EISCAT measurements and simultaneous satellite data (<i>N_e</i> and ion composition). …”
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Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of High-, Mid- and Low-Latitude Responses in Regional Electron Content to Geomagnetic Storms by Konstantin G. Ratovsky, Maxim V. Klimenko, Yury V. Yasyukevich, Vladimir V. Klimenko, Artem M. Vesnin

“…The purpose of the study is to obtain a statistical pattern of the response in regional electron content to geomagnetic storms on a global scale to interpret the results using the upper atmosphere model (the Global Self-consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, and Protonosphere), to make the detailed comparison with the thermospheric storm concept, and to compare the obtained pattern with results from previous statistical studies. …”
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Numerical modeling of the equatorial electrojet UT-variation on the basis of the model GSM TIP by M. V. Klimenko, V. V. Klimenko, V. V. Bryukhanov

“…To the Global Self-consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere and Protonosphere (GSM TIP), developed in WD IZMIRAN, a new block for the calculation of electric fields in the ionosphere has been added. …”
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Influence of January 2009 stratospheric warming on HF radio wave propagation in the low-latitude ionosphere by Kotova D.S., Klimenko M.V., Klimenko V.V., Zakharov V.E., Bessarab F.S., Korenkov Yu.N.

“…We use the simulation results obtained with the Global Self-consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere and Protonosphere (GSM TIP) for simulating environmental changes during the SSW event. …”
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Connection of total electron content disturbances with AE index of geomagnetic activity during geomagnetic storm in March 2015 by Belyuchenko K. V., Klimenko M. V., Klimenko V. V., Ratovsky K. G.

“…Ionospheric response to the March 17, 2015 geomagnetic storm has been investigated using simulations of the Global Self-consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Protonosphere (GSM TIP) [Dmitriev et al., 2017; Klimenko et al., 2018]. …”
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Similarity and differences in morphology and mechanisms of the <i>fo</i>F2 and TEC disturbances during the geomagnetic storms on 26–30 September 2011 by M. V. Klimenko, M. V. Klimenko, V. V. Klimenko, I. E. Zakharenkova, K. G. Ratovsky, N. A. Korenkova, Y. V. Yasyukevich, A. A. Mylnikova, I. V. Cherniak

“…We use the Global Self-consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere and Protonosphere (GSM TIP) to reveal the main mechanisms influencing the storm-time behavior of the total electron content (TEC) and the ionospheric F2 peak critical frequency (<i>fo</i>F2) during different phases of geomagnetic storms. …”
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Changes in the middle and upper atmosphere parameters during the January 2013 sudden stratospheric warming by Yasyukevich A.S., Klimenko M.V., Kulikov Yu.Yu., Klimenko V.V., Bessarab F.S., Korenkov Yu.N., Marichev V.N., Ratovsky K.G., Kolesnik S.A.

“…To interpret the observed disturbances in the upper atmosphere, the experimental measurements are compared with the results of model calculations obtained with the Global Self-consistent Model of Thermosphere—Ionosphere—Protonosphere (GSM TIP). The response of the upper atmosphere to the SSW event is shown to be a decrease in foF2 and TEC during the evolution of the warming event and a prolonged increase in O/N2, foF2, and TEC after the SSW maximum. …”
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Energetic Particle Precipitation Influence on Tidal Variations of Thermosphere Parameters in September 2017 by Fedor S. Bessarab, Olga P. Borchevkina, Ivan V. Karpov, Vladimir V. Klimenko, Maxim V. Klimenko, Olesya S. Yakovchuk, Jan Maik Wissing, Eugene V. Rozanov

“…Using the Global Self-consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, and Protonosphere (GSM TIP) and two models of energetic particle precipitation, APM (Auroral Precipitation Model) and AIMOS 2.0.…”
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