When the Difference is in the Details: A Critique of “” by David P. Schmitt

“…It is critically important to distinguish among mate preference domains when looking for patterns of sexual differentiation across nations. Indeed, for many psychological domains (e.g., attachment styles, Big Five traits, Dark Triad traits, self-esteem, personal values, depression, emotional expression, crying behavior, intimate partner violence, tested mental abilities, health indicators; see Schmitt, 2012 ), sex differences are demonstrably larger in nations with higher sociopolitical gender parity. …”
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome: a review by Rafael Loch Batista, Elaine M. Frade Costa, Andresa de Santi Rodrigues, Nathalia Lisboa Gomes, José Antonio Faria Jr., Mirian Y. Nishi, Ivo Jorge Prado Arnhold, Sorahia Domenice, Berenice Bilharinho de Mendonca

“…ABSTRACT Androgenic insensitivity syndrome is the most common cause of disorders of sexual differentiation in 46,XY individuals. It results from alterations in the androgen receptor gene, leading to a frame of hormonal resistance, which may present clinically under 3 phenotypes: complete (CAIS), partial (PAIS) or mild (MAIS). …”
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Genomic and functional studies of Drosophila sex hierarchy regulated gene expression in adult head and nervous system tissues. by Thomas D Goldman, Michelle N Arbeitman

“…The Drosophila sex determination hierarchy controls all aspects of somatic sexual differentiation, including sex-specific differences in adult morphology and behavior. …”
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Coumarins as Tool Compounds to Aid the Discovery of Selective Function Modulators of Steroid Hormone Binding Proteins by Sanna Niinivehmas, Olli T. Pentikäinen

“…Steroid hormones play an essential role in a wide variety of actions in the body, such as in metabolism, inflammation, initiating and maintaining sexual differentiation and reproduction, immune functions, and stress response. …”
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A sex-specific switch between visual and olfactory inputs underlies adaptive sex differences in behavior by Nojima, T, Rings, A, Allen, A, Otto, N, Verschut, T, Billeter, J-C, Neville, M, Goodwin, SF

“…Here we uncover a novel dimorphism in Drosophila melanogaster that allows deployment of completely different behavioral repertoires in males and females with minimum changes to circuit architecture. Sexual differentiation of only a small number of higher-order neurons in the brain leads to a change in connectivity related to the primary reproductive needs of both sexes - courtship pursuit in males and communal oviposition in females. …”

Sex differences in left-handedness: a meta-analysis of 144 studies. by Papadatou-Pastou, M, Martin, M, Munafò, MR, Jones, G

“…The widespread observation of this sex difference is consistent with it being related to innate characteristics of sexual differentiation, and its observed magnitude places an important constraint on current theories of handedness. …”

High-throughput analysis of the transcriptional patterns of sexual genes in malaria by Abel Cruz Camacho, Edo Kiper, Sonia Oren, Nir Zaharoni, Netta Nir, Noam Soffer, Yael Noy, Bar Ben David, Anna Rivkin, Ron Rotkopf, Dan Michael, Teresa G. Carvalho, Neta Regev-Rudzki

“…Since the abundance of these essential parasitic forms is extremely low within the human host, little is currently known about the molecular regulation of their sexual differentiation, highlighting the need to develop tools to investigate Pf gene expression during this fundamental mechanism. …”
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Comparative Toxicotranscriptomics of Single Cell RNA-Seq and Conventional RNA-Seq in TCDD-Exposed Testicular Tissue by Alex Haimbaugh, Danielle Meyer, Danielle Meyer, Danielle Meyer, Camille Akemann, Katherine Gurdziel, Tracie R. Baker, Tracie R. Baker, Tracie R. Baker

“…In this report, we compare the outcomes and limitations of two methods of transcriptomic inquiry on adult zebrafish testes exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) during sexual differentiation: conventional or bulk RNA-seq (bulk-seq) and single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. scRNA-seq has emerged as a valuable tool for uncovering cell type-specific transcriptome dynamics which exist in heterogeneous tissue. …”
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Morphology of the genital organs of male and female giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) by Lilja Fromme, Débora R. Yogui, Mario Henrique Alves, Arnaud L.J. Desbiez, Marion Langeheine, André Quagliatto, Ursula Siebert, Ralph Brehm

“…Additionally, further research on the peculiarities of the persisting genital duct structures might help to understand sexual differentiation in placental mammals in general.…”
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Complete Morris Syndrome. Case Presentation by Manyeles Brito Vázquez, Ángela Belkis Brito García, Delvis Batista García

“…Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Morris syndrome or testicular feminization is a disorder in sexual differentiation, in which the individual is phenotypically feminine, but with a man's genetic characteristics. …”
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Prostatic adenocarcinoma in a patient with persistent Müllerian duct syndrome by Muhammad Umair, Ahsan U Khan, John B Arruda, Dhairya A Lakhani, Ayodele Adelanwa, Yousaf B Hadi, Brian Markovich, Mohamad Waseem Salkini

“…The embryonal male sexual differentiation is driven by testosterone, and Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH). …”
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A Case of Glomerulonephritis Associated with Klinefelter' Syndrome by Jin Hyuk Cho, Yeoung Sin Sin, Eun Hee Sim, Min Gyu Park, Dong Heo, Hak Rim

“…Klinefelter' syndrome is a disorder of sexual differentiation in males, characterized by the presence of two or more X-chromosomes, hypogonadism, and lack of secondary sexual characteristics. …”
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Salivary testosterone levels are unrelated to handedness or cerebral lateralization for language by Papadatou-Pastou, M, Martin, M, Mohr, C

“…The present study investigated hormonal effects on laterality using adult salivary T levels, to explore the adequacy of competing theories: the Geschwind, Behan and Galaburda, the callosal, and the sexual differentiation hypotheses. Sixty participants (15 right-handers and 15 left-handers of each sex) participated. …”

Cerebral laterality for language is related to adult salivary testosterone levels but not digit ratio (2D:4D) in men: A functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound study. by Papadatou-Pastou, M, Martin, M

“…Findings suggest that higher levels of T are associated with a relatively attenuated degree of interhemispheric sharing of linguistic information, providing support for the callosal and the sexual differentiation hypotheses rather than the Geschwind, Behan and Galaburda (GBG) hypothesis.…”

Changes in genome organization of parasite-specific gene families during the Plasmodium transmission stages by Bunnik, E, Cook, K, Varoquaux, N, Batugedara, G, Prudhomme, J, Cort, A, Shi, L, Andolina, C, Ross, L, Brady, D, Fidock, D, Nosten, F, Tewari, R, Sinnis, P, Ay, F, Vert, J, Noble, W, Roch, L

“…Major changes occur in the localization and interactions of genes involved in pathogenesis and immune evasion, host cell invasion, sexual differentiation, and master regulation of gene expression. …”

The gene encoding the insulin-like androgenic gland hormone in an all-female parthenogenetic crayfish. by Tom Levy, Ohad Rosen, Ohad Simons, Amit Savaya Alkalay, Amir Sagi

“…Male sexual differentiation in crustaceans is controlled by the androgenic gland (AG), a unique male endocrine organ that, in decapods, is located at the base of the 5th pereiopod. …”
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Licensing of primordial germ cells for gametogenesis depends on genital ridge signaling. by Yueh-Chiang Hu, Peter K Nicholls, Y Q Shirleen Soh, Joseph R Daniele, Jan Philipp Junker, Alexander van Oudenaarden, David C Page

“…In mouse embryos at mid-gestation, primordial germ cells (PGCs) undergo licensing to become gametogenesis-competent cells (GCCs), gaining the capacity for meiotic initiation and sexual differentiation. GCCs then initiate either oogenesis or spermatogenesis in response to gonadal cues. …”
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Nuclear dynamics in the homothallic ascomycete Sordaria fimicola by Kulsumpun Krobanan, Wei-Chiang Shen

“…Abstract Background The coprophilous ascomycete Sordaria fimicola usually reproduces sexually. Sexual differentiation in S. fimicola is accompanied by cellular and morphological changes, followed by multicellular tissue development to complete the sexual cycle. …”
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Intrinsic and Extrinsic Thymic Adrenergic Networks: Sex Steroid-Dependent Plasticity by Gordana Momčilo Leposavić, Ivan M. Pilipović

“…The thymus is sexually differentiated organ providing microenvironment for T-cell precursor differentiation/maturation in the major histocompatibility complex-restricted self-tolerant T cells. …”
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The evolution of novelty in conserved genes; evidence of positive selection in the Drosophila fruitless gene is localised to alternatively spliced exons by Parker, D, Gardiner, A, Neville, M, Ritchie, M, Goodwin, S

“…The fruitless gene is a major transcription factor with a wide range of pleiotropic functions, including a fundamental conserved role in sexual differentiation, species-specific morphology and an important influence on male sexual behaviour. …”