Morphometric measurements for sexual dimorphism in the Campolina horse breed by Lisia Castro Krebs, Marina Monteiro de Moraes Santos, Maria Claudia Siqueira, Brennda Paula Gonçalves de Araujo, Leonardo Gomes Oliveira, Fabiany Sousa Costa Feitosa, Gregório Miguel Ferreira de Camargo, Chiara Albano de Araújo Oliveira, Raphael Bermal Costa, Erica Beatriz Schultz, Fernanda Nascimento de Godoi

“…Regarding classification, circumference measurements (85.58%) were more accurate in sexual differentiation than the linear (83.26%) and angular (73.02%) ones. …”
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Environmental and genetic contributors to salivary testosterone levels in infants by Kai eXia, Yang eYu, Mihye eAhn, Hongtu eZhu, Fei eZou, John eGilmore, Rebecca Christine Knickmeyer

“…Transient activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in early infancy plays an important role in male genital development and sexual differentiation of the brain, but factors contributing to individual variation in testosterone levels during this period are poorly understood. …”
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The Aromatase–Estrogen System in the Testes of Non-Mammalian Vertebrates by Luigi Rosati, Sara Falvo, Gabriella Chieffi Baccari, Alessandra Santillo, Maria Maddalena Di Fiore

“…Administration of aromatase inhibitors prior to sexual differentiation of gonads results in the development of males rather than females. …”
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<i>De Novo</i> Transcriptome Analysis of the Lizard Fish (<i>Saurida elongata</i>): Novel Insights into Genes Related to Sex Differentiation by Binbin Shan, Liangming Wang, Yan Liu, Changping Yang, Manting Liu, Dianrong Sun, Pujiang Huang

“…Screening these fish for sex-related genes could enhance our understanding of sexual differentiation. The lizardfish, <i>Saurida elongata</i> (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846), is a commercially important marine fish in tropical and subtropical seas of the northwest Pacific. …”
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Sex-biased gene and microRNA expression in the developing mouse brain is associated with neurodevelopmental functions and neurological phenotypes by Susanna Szakats, Alice McAtamney, Hugh Cross, Megan J. Wilson

“…Conclusions Together, these findings reinforce the importance of cataloguing sex differences in molecular biology research and highlight genes, miRNAs, and pathways of interest that may be important for sexual differentiation in the mouse and possibly the human brain.…”
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Overexpression of MicroRNA-138 Affects the Proliferation and Invasion of Urothelial Carcinoma Cells by Suppressing SOX9 Expression by Yuji Nitta, Tomomi Fujii, Tomoko Uchiyama, Aya Sugimoto, Takeshi Nishikawa, Maiko Takeda, Makito Miyake, Keiji Shimada, Kiyohide Fujimoto

“…SRY-box transcription factor 9 (SOX9) is important for sexual differentiation, chondrogenic differentiation, and cell proliferation in cancer. …”
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Gender Dysphoria: A Review Investigating the Relationship Between Genetic Influences and Brain Development by Boucher FJO, Chinnah TI

“…Ferdinand JO Boucher, Tudor I Chinnah University of Exeter, Medical School, St Luke&rsquo;s Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UKCorrespondence: Ferdinand JO Boucher Email fb339@exeter.ac.ukAbstract: Gender dysphoria (GD) is a facet of modern human biology which is believed to be derived from the sexual differentiation of the brain. GD &ldquo;involves a conflict between a person&rsquo;s physical or assigned gender and the gender with which he/she/they identify&rdquo;, as defined in the DSM-5. …”
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A Fast Deep Learning ECG Sex Identifier Based on Wavelet RGB Image Classification by Jose-Luis Cabra Lopez, Carlos Parra, Gonzalo Forero

“…In this paper, with the intention of capturing heartbeat dynamics, we divided the heart rate into different intervals, creating a specialized identification model for each interval. The sexual differentiation for each model was performed with a deep convolutional neural network from images that represented the RGB wavelet transformation of ECG pseudo-orthogonal X, Y, and Z signals, using sufficient samples to train the network. …”
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Profile of patients with genitourinary anomalies treated in a clinical genetics service in the Brazilian unified health system by Ilanna Fragoso Peixoto Gazzaneo, Camila Maia Costa de Queiroz, Larissa Clara Vieira Goes, Victor José Correia Lessa, Reinaldo Luna de Omena Filho, Diogo Lucas Lima do Nascimento, Reginaldo José Petroli, Susane Vasconcelos Zanotti, Isabella Lopes Monlleó

“…Ambiguous genitalia and abnormal sexual differentiation were more frequent among infants and prepubertal individuals. …”
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Bivalent Chromatin Marks Developmental Regulatory Genes in the Mouse Embryonic Germline In Vivo by Michael Sachs, Courtney Onodera, Kathryn Blaschke, Kevin T. Ebata, Jun S. Song, Miguel Ramalho-Santos

“…Developmental regulators remain bivalent and transcriptionally silent through the initiation of sexual differentiation at E13.5. We also identified >2,500 “orphan” bivalent domains that are distal to known genes and expressed in a tissue-specific manner but silent in PGCs. …”
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miRNAome expression profiles in the gonads of adult Melopsittacus undulatus by Lan Jiang, Qingqing Wang, Jue Yu, Vinita Gowda, Gabriel Johnson, Jianke Yang, Xianzhao Kan, Xiaojun Yang

“…Of these, three miRNAs were differentially expressed miRNAs and 18 miRNAs involved in sexual differentiation as determined by functional analysis with GO annotation and KEGG pathway analysis. …”
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Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Genus <i>Oedogonium</i> (Oedogoniales, Chlorophyta) from China by Qian Xiong, Yangliang Chen, Qingyu Dai, Benwen Liu, Guoxiang Liu

“…The morphological characteristics matching the phylogenetic results showed that the types of sexual differentiation, characteristics of the oogonium (including shape, types of aperture, and ornamentation of oospore wall), division types of antheridial, and number of sperm of each antheridial, which are considered the most important morphological characteristics in traditional taxonomy of <i>Oedogonium</i>, did not form monophyletic lineages respectively, indicating that traditional systematics may not reflect the real phylogeny of the genus <i>Oedogonium</i>. …”
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Sex determination in the Giant fish of Amazon Basin, Arapaima gigas (Osteoglossiformes, Arapaimatidae), using laparoscopy Determinação do sexo no peixe gigante da Bacia Amazônica,... by Carlos Riedel Porto Carreiro, Manuel Antônio de Andrade Furtado-Neto, Pedro Eymard Campos Mesquita, Tácito Araújo Bezerra

“…Currently, there are no reliable methods for sexual differentiation in this species other than direct examination of gonads, which requires dissection of specimens. …”
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Identification of <i>AMH</i> and <i>AMHR2</i> Variants Led to the Diagnosis of Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome in Three Cases by Yang Liu, Sida Wang, Ruzhu Lan, Jun Yang

“…Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of sexual development in males, defined by the presence of Müllerian remnants with otherwise normal sexual differentiation. Mutations in anti-Müllerian hormone (<i>AMH</i>) and AMH receptor type 2 (<i>AMHR2</i>) genes are the main causes of PMDS. …”
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Identification and Expression of the <i>MADS-box</i> Gene Family in Different Versions of the <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> Genome by Pengyan Zhou, Zesen Wang, Yingang Li, Qi Zhou

“…Therefore, <i>MADS-box</i> genes may play important roles in the development of Ginkgo reproductive organs, which may suggest a genetic role in sexual differentiation. This study further contributes to the research on <i>MADS-box</i> genes and provides new insights into sex determination in Ginkgo.…”
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#363 : Kisspeptins and Human Reproduction: New Challenges in the Management of Couple Infertility by Afifa Sellami, Salima Daoud, Olfa Abdelkafi, Maroua Ben Amor, Faradis Moalla, Tarak Rebai

“…Results: Many reports suggested the importance of kisspeptins in various aspects of male and female reproduction, from sexual differentiation and puberty onset to adult regulation of gonadotropin secretion and the metabolic control of fertility. …”
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miR-430 microRNA Family in Fishes: Molecular Characterization and Evolution by Claudio A. Jiménez-Ruiz, Roberto de la Herrán, Francisca Robles, Rafael Navajas-Pérez, Ismael Cross, Laureana Rebordinos, Carmelo Ruiz-Rejón

“…It has been suggested that this family is implicated in maternal mRNA elimination, but may also play a role in steroidogenesis, sexual differentiation, and flatfish metamorphosis. The miR-430 sequences have been found in multiple-copy tandem clusters but evidence of their conservation outside of teleost fishes is scarce. …”
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Comparative transcriptome analysis of dioecious floral development in Trachycarpus fortunei using Illumina and PacBio SMRT sequencing by Feng Xiao, Yang Zhao, Xiurong Wang, Yuexiong Mao, Xueyan Jian

“…Conclusions These findings provide a genetic basis for flower development and differentiation in T. fortunei, and improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sexual differentiation in T. fortunei.…”
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Understanding the effects of sex chromosomes and sex hormones on sex differences by Zhang, Qinze Arthur.

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Licensing of Primordial Germ Cells for Gametogenesis Depends on Genital Ridge Signaling by Hu, Yueh-Chiang, Nicholls, Peter K., Soh, Ying Qi Shirleen, Daniele, Joseph R., Junker, Jan Philipp, van Oudenaarden, Alexander, Page, David C

“…In mouse embryos at mid-gestation, primordial germ cells (PGCs) undergo licensing to become gametogenesis-competent cells (GCCs), gaining the capacity for meiotic initiation and sexual differentiation. GCCs then initiate either oogenesis or spermatogenesis in response to gonadal cues. …”
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