Why Deep-Water Eruptions Are So Different From Subaerial Eruptions by Raymond A. F. Cas, Raymond A. F. Cas, Jack M. Simmons

“…Magmas erupted in deep-water environments (>500 m) are subject to physical constraints very different to those for subaerial eruptions, including hydrostatic pressure, bulk modulus, thermal conductivity, heat capacity and the density of water mass, which are generally orders of magnitude greater than for air. …”
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A Near Real-Time and Free Tool for the Preliminary Mapping of Active Lava Flows during Volcanic Crises: The Case of Hotspot Subaerial Eruptions by Francisco Javier Vasconez, Juan Camilo Anzieta, Anais Vásconez Müller, Benjamin Bernard, Patricio Ramón

“…To determine the latter, we carried out a detailed statistical analysis of the FRP values of nine hotspot subaerial eruptions that included Cumbre Vieja-2021 (Spain), Fagradalsfjall-2021 (Iceland), LERZ Kilauea-2018 (USA), and six eruptions on the Galápagos Archipelago (Ecuador). …”
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ICESat-2 Applications for Investigating Emerging Volcanoes by Christine Simurda, Lori A. Magruder, Jonathan Markel, James B. Garvin, Daniel A. Slayback

“…NASA’s ICESat-2 satellite laser altimeter, combined with visible imagery (optical and microwave), provide a novel method of evaluating the elevation characteristics of newly emerged volcanoes and their subaerial eruption products. Niijima Fukutoku-Okanoba (NFO) is a submarine volcano 1300 km south of Tokyo (Ogasawara Archipelago of Japan) that periodically breaches the ocean surface to create new islands that are subsequently eroded. …”
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Fish mortality associated to volcanic eruptions in the Canary Islands by María José Caballero, Francisco José Perez-Torrado, Alicia Velázquez-Wallraf, Mónica Beatriz Betancor, Antonio Fernández, Ayoze Castro-Alonso

“…In the last decade, volcanic activity has occurred twice on the youngest and western most islands: El Hierro (submarine eruption) in 2011-12, and La Palma (subaerial eruption) in 2021. 70 fish specimens of different species from El Hierro volcano and 14 from La Palma were necropsied. …”
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Theoretical Models of Decompression-Induced Plagioclase Nucleation and Growth in Hydrated Silica-Rich Melts by Edith Mollard, Caroline Martel, Emmanuel Le Trong, Grégory Rogerie

“…Upon decompression, the rapid changes of the microlite textures, such as number density and crystal size, directly impact the rheology of the magma in the volcanic conduit, and eventually control the effusive vs. explosive style of the subaerial eruption. This is of prime importance for volcanic risk assessment involving highly viscous silica-rich magmas that are prone to fragmentation. …”
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Phosphate Scavenging During Lava‐Seawater Interaction Offshore of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii by Rhea K. Foreman, Karin M. Björkman, Carolina P. Funkey, Nicholas J. Hawco, Samuel T. Wilson, Tully Rohrer, Angelicque E. White, Seth G. John, David M. Karl

“…Abstract The 2018, subaerial eruption of Kīlauea volcano, Hawaii, resulted in a 5‐km‐long stretch of coastline that actively drained lava into the ocean. …”
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Exceptional eruptive CO2 emissions from intra-plate alkaline magmatism in the Canary volcanic archipelago by Mike Burton, Alessandro Aiuppa, Patrick Allard, María Asensio-Ramos, Ana Pardo Cofrades, Alessandro La Spina, Emma J. Nicholson, Vittorio Zanon, José Barrancos, Marcello Bitetto, Margaret Hartley, Jorge E. Romero, Emma Waters, Alex Stewart, Pedro A. Hernández, João Pedro Lages, Eleazar Padrón, Kieran Wood, Benjamin Esse, Catherine Hayer, Klaudia Cyrzan, Estelle F. Rose-Koga, Federica Schiavi, Luca D’Auria, Nemesio M. Pérez

“…However, until now, such CO2 enhancement has not been verified by measuring CO2 degassing during a subaerial eruption. Here, we provide evidence of highly CO2-rich gas emissions during the 86-day 2021 Tajogaite eruption of Cumbre Vieja volcano on La Palma Island, in the Canary archipelago. …”
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Atmosphere injection of sea salts during large explosive submarine volcanic eruptions by M. Colombier, I. A. Ukstins, S. Tegtmeier, B. Scheu, S. J. Cronin, S. Thivet, J. Paredes-Mariño, C. Cimarelli, K.-U. Hess, Taaniela Kula, Folauhola H. Latu’ila, D. B. Dingwell

“…The submarine volcanic jet breached the sea surface and formed a subaerial eruptive plume that transported volcanic ash, gas, sea salts and seawater up to ~ 57 km, reaching into the mesosphere. …”
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Volcanic Eruptions in the Deep Sea by Kenneth H. Rubin, S. Adam Soule, William W. Chadwick Jr., Daniel J. Fornari, David A. Clague, Robert W. Embley, Edward T. Baker, Michael R. Perfit, David W. Caress, Robert P. Dziak

“…However, deep-sea eruptions (> 500 m depth) are much more difficult to detect and observe than subaerial eruptions, so comparatively little is known about them. …”
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Temporal magmatic evolution of the Fani Maoré submarine eruption 50 km east of Mayotte revealed by in situ sampling and petrological monitoring by Berthod, Carole, Komorowski, Jean-Christophe, Gurioli, Lucia, Médard, Etienne, Bachèlery, Patrick, Besson, Pascale, Verdurme, Pauline, Chevrel, Oryaëlle, Di Muro, Andrea, Peltier, Aline, Devidal, Jean-Luc, Nowak, Sophie, Thinon, Isabelle, Burckel, Pierre, Hidalgo, Samia, Deplus, Christine, Loubrieu, Benoît, Pierre, Delphine, Bermell, Sylvain, Pitel-Roudaut, Mathilde, Réaud, Yvan, Fouchard, Sacha, Bickert, Manon, Le Friant, Anne, Paquet, Fabien, Feuillet, Nathalie, Jorry, Stephan L., Fouquet, Yves, Rinnert, Emmanuel, Cathalot, Cécile, Lebas, Elodie

“…The “Fani Maoré” eruption off the coasts of Mayotte has been intensively monitored by applying methods similar to those used for subaerial eruptions. Repeated high-resolution bathymetric surveys and dredging, coupled with petrological analyses of time-constrained samples, allowed tracking the evolution of magma over the whole submarine eruptive sequence. …”
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Correlated Changes Between Volcanic Structures and Magma Composition in the Faial Volcanic System, Azores by René H. W. Romer, Christoph Beier, Karsten M. Haase, Christian Hübscher

“…The majority of recent submarine and subaerial eruptions in the Azores occur along volcanic rift zones and thus melt transport and volcanic processes are largely controlled by tectonic processes, and are therefore ideally suited to study volcano-tectonic interactions. …”
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Quantifying the Water‐to‐Melt Mass Ratio and Its Impact on Eruption Plumes During Explosive Hydromagmatic Eruptions by Sahand Hajimirza, Thomas J. Jones, William M. Moreland, Helge M. Gonnermann, Thor Thordarson

“…The subglacially erupted magma passed through a column of glacial meltwater, resulting in a larger proportion of finer pyroclast sizes relative to the subaerially erupted, purely magmatic tephra. This finer grain size distribution has been attributed to quench‐granulation induced by enhanced cooling upon interaction with external water. …”
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Does large igneous province volcanism always perturb the mercury cycle? Comparing the records of Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 and the end-Cretaceous to other Mesozoic events by Percival, L, Jenkyns, H, Mather, T, Dickson, A, Batenburg, S, Ruhl, M, Hesselbo, S, Barclay, R, Jarvis, I, Robinson, S, Woelders, L

“…A similar lack of correlation between these two proxies in uppermost Cretaceous strata indicates that, although subaerial volcanism can perturb the global Hg cycle, not all subaerial eruptions will do so. These results highlight the variable impact of different volcanogenic processes on the efficiency of Hg dispersal across the globe. …”

Patterns of Fine Ash Dispersal Related to Volcanic Activity at West Mata Volcano, NE Lau Basin by Sharon L. Walker, Edward T. Baker, John E. Lupton, Joseph A. Resing

“…This pattern of syn-eruptive dispersal suggests that fine ash does not have to be lofted high into the water column in event plumes, or enter the ocean from subaerial sources, to be dispersed by local currents and contribute to fallout deposits in regional and distal sediments, which may appear as cryptotephra or thin ash layers if the ash supply exceeds pelagic sedimentation rates; deposits that are often attributed to subaerial eruptions alone. These results also suggest that the presence of deep ash plumes surrounding a submarine volcanic edifice, along with a magmatic-hydrothermal plume above the summit, may be a valuable diagnostic exploration tool for identifying active, or very recently active, submarine eruptions.…”
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Characteristics and Deposit Stratigraphy of Submarine-Erupted Silicic Ash, Havre Volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand by Arran P. Murch, James D. L. White, Rebecca J. Carey

“…Knowledge of how they operate is largely based on inference from ancient deposits, lagging by a decade or more our understanding of subaerial eruptions. In 2012, the largest wholly deep-subaqueous silicic eruption with any observational record occurred 700–1220 m below sea level at Havre volcano, Kermadec Arc, New Zealand. …”
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Determining the style and provenance of magmatic activity during the Early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE 1a) by Percival, LME, Tedeschi, LR, Creaser, RA, Mather, TA, Jenkyns, HC, Et al.

“…A transient pulse of HALIP-related subaerial eruptions and/or thermogenic volatile emissions during the early–middle part of OAE 1a, potentially evidenced by more widespread Hg enrichments in strata from that time (including in the Arctic), might have prolonged the event. …”