Fermented <i>Aronia melanocarpa</i> Inhibits Melanogenesis through Dual Mechanisms of the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β and PKA/CREB Pathways by Da Hee Kim, Dong Wook Shin, Beong Ou Lim

“…UV light causes excessive oxidative stress and abnormal melanin synthesis, which results in skin hyperpigmentation disorders such as freckles, sunspots, and age spots. Much research has been carried out to discover natural plants for ameliorating these disorders. …”
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Clinical manifestations of the skin photodamage as a result of a multi-course phototherapy of psoriasis patients by M. B. Zhilova, V. A. Volnukhin, A. S. Dvornikov

“…The comparative analysis of the entire group of patients receiving a phototherapy revealed a statistically significant incidence of lentigo/sunspots, diffuse skin hyperpigmentation and actinic elastosis vs. the control group. …”
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Dependence of Stellar Differential Rotation on Effective Temperature and Rotation: An Analysis from Starspot Transit Mapping by Alexandre Araújo, Adriana Valio

“…In the case of the Sun, due to its proximity, detailed observation of sunspots at various latitudes and longitudes allows a precise estimation of the solar rotation period and its differential rotation. …”
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Detection of Solar Filaments Using Suncharts from Kodaikanal Solar Observatory Archive Employing a Clustering Approach by Aditya Priyadarshi, Manjunath Hegde, Bibhuti Kumar Jha, Subhamoy Chatterjee, Sudip Mandal, Mayukh Chowdhury, Dipankar Banerjee

“…These suncharts (1904–2020) are colored drawings of different solar features, such as sunspots, plages, filaments, and prominences, made on papers with a Stonyhurst latitude–longitude grid etched on them. …”
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Ultraviolet-Protective Clothing and Sunscreen: Sun-Protection for Healthy Skin by Daria Sieniawska, Patrycja Proszowska, Magda Madoń, Zuzanna Kotowicz, Adrianna Orzeł, Aleksandra Pich-Czekierda, Julia Sieniawska

“…UV radiation can penetrate the skin's surface, causing damage to its cells and DNA, which can lead to the formation of wrinkles, sunspots, and other signs of aging. Therefore, consistent and effective sun protection is essential for maintaining the health and vitality of the skin, as well as reducing the risk of sun-related skin damage and diseases. …”
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Integrating SWAP and SIF anomaly to assess the responses of vegetation to the drought-flood abrupt alternation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin, China by Xiaoliang Shi, Yuanqi Yang, Zhe Yuan, Hao Ding, Yan Zhang, Jiajun Chen, Mengqi Shi

“…New hydrological insights for the region: The results indicate that: (1) the evolutionary characteristics of DFAA events determined by SWAP were consistent with historical records. (2) the DFAA events frequency with most regions experiencing 8–11 events during 2001–2019, with intensity of 2–3, and in the northern and southwestern Jiangxi and southeastern Hubei regions were more intensive and frequently. (3) the stronger correlations were mainly in eastern Guizhou and eastern Jiangxi, with SIF anomaly more sensitive to SWAP at 2-month lag time. (4) The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and sunspots have a significant influence on the response relationship between DFAA events and vegetation anomaly. …”
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Large- and small-scale periodicities in the mesosphere as obtained from variations in O₂ and OH nightglow emissions by R. P. Singh, R. P. Singh, D. Pallamraju

“…Both O₂ and OH intensities show variations similar to those of the number of sunspots and F10.7 cm radio flux with coherent periodicities of 150 ± 2.1, 195 ± 3.6, 270 ± 6.4, and 420 ± 14.8 days, indicating a strong solar influence on mesospheric dynamics. …”
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On Two Formulations of Polar Motion and Identification of Its Sources by Fernando Lopes, Vincent Courtillot, Dominique Gibert, Jean-Louis Le Mouël

“…We believe there is value in following Laplace’s approach: it leads to the suggestion that all the oscillatory components with extraterrestrial periods (whose origin could be found in the planetary and solar torques), should be present in the series of sunspots and indeed, they are.…”
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Solar Surface Convection by Nordlund Åke, Stein Robert F., Asplund Martin

“…On local scales convection modulates wave propagation, and supercomputer convection simulations may thus be used to test and calibrate local helioseismic methods.We also discuss the importance of near solar surface convection for the structure and evolution of magnetic patterns: faculae, pores, and sunspots, and briefly address the question of the importance or not of local dynamo action near the solar surface. …”
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A comparative study of data-driven MHD simulations of solar coronal evolution with photospheric flows derived from two different approaches by Xinyi Wang, Xinyi Wang, Chaowei Jiang, Xueshang Feng, Xueshang Feng, Boyi Wang, Bo Chen

“…The only shortage of the PDFI velocity is its capability in reproducing the morphology of sunspots, as characterized by a slightly lower correlation coefficient for the bottom magnetic field in simulations and magnetograms. …”
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EL ROL DEL ALGORITMO DE ENTRENAMIENTO EN LA SELECCIÓN DE MODELOS DE REDES NEURONALES ROLE OF THE TRAINING ALGORITHM IN MODEL SELECTION ON NEURAL NETWORKS by Paola Sánchez, Juan Velásquez

“…In this work, we validated the hypothesis that the addition of hidden neurons in nested models lead to systematic reductions in error, regardless of the learning algorithm used; to illustrate the discussion we used the number of airline passengers and Sunspots in Box & Jenkins, and RProp and Delta Rule as learning methods. …”
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The evolution of a spot–spot-type solar active region which produced a major solar eruption by Lijuan Liu, Lijuan Liu, Lijuan Liu

“…The bipoles were arranged in parallel on the photosphere, shown as two clusters of sunspots with opposite-sign polarities, so that the AR exhibited an overall large bipole configuration. …”
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Copula-Based Abrupt Variations Detection in the Relationship of Seasonal Vegetation-Climate in the Jing River Basin, China by Jing Zhao, Shengzhi Huang, Qiang Huang, Hao Wang, Guoyong Leng, Jian Peng, Haixia Dong

“…Results indicated that (1) the copula-based framework introduced in this study is more reasonable and reliable than the traditional double-mass curves method in detecting change points of vegetation and climate relationships; (2) generally, no significant change points were identified during 1982–2010 at the 95% confidence level, implying the overall stationary relationship still exists, while the relationships between spring NDVI and P/T, autumn NDVI and P have slightly changed; (3) teleconnection factors (including Arctic Oscillation (AO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Niño 3.4, and sunspots) have a more significant influence on the relationship between seasonal NDVI and P/T than local climatic factors (including potential evapotranspiration and soil moisture); (4) negative human activities (expansion of farmland and urban areas) and positive human activities (“Grain For Green” program) were also potential factors affecting the relationship between NDVI and P/T. …”
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Searching for Evidence of Subchromospheric Magnetic Reconnection on the Sun by D. Baker, L. van Driel-Gesztelyi, A. W. James, P. Démoulin, A. S. H. To, M. Murabito, D. M. Long, D. H. Brooks, J. McKevitt, J. M. Laming, L. M. Green, S. L. Yardley, G. Valori, T. Mihailescu, S. A. Matthews, H. Kuniyoshi

“…Highly localized regions of I-FIP effect solar plasma have been observed by Hinode's EUV Imaging Spectrometer in a number of highly complex active regions (ARs), usually around strong light bridges of the umbrae of coalescing/merging sunspots. These observations can be interpreted in the context of the ponderomotive force fractionation model, which predicts that plasma with I-FIP effect composition is created by the refraction of waves coming from below the plasma fractionation region in the chromosphere. …”
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Chronology of the short-term climate change during the Holocene in Northwestern Russia and its correlation with the solar activity variations by Kh.A. Arslanov, V.A. Dergachev, F.E. Maksimov, J.V. Kudryavtsev

“…The modeled age of the cooling and warming stages was compared with the age of the stages of low and high solar activity established by counting the number of sunspots and by determining the concentration of cosmogenic isotopes (14C in tree rings of known age and 10Be in polar glaciers). …”
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Study on the Hemispheric Asymmetry of Thermospheric Density Based on In-Situ Measurements from APOD Satellite by Jiangzhao Ai, Yongping Li, Xianguo Zhang, Chao Xiao, Guangming Chen, Xiaoliang Zheng, Zhiliang Zhang

“…The results show that thermospheric atmospheric density decreases overall as the number of sunspots decreases. The differences between the NPR and SPR atmospheric densities in the thermosphere exhibits a noticeable annual periodicity. …”
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Perspectives on climate action and the changing burden of infectious diseases among young Italian doctors and students: a national survey by Francesco Vladimiro Segala, Francesco Vladimiro Segala, Francesco Di Gennaro, Lucia A. A. Giannini, Giacomo Stroffolini, Giacomo Stroffolini, Agnese Colpani, Andrea De Vito, Andrea De Vito, Stefano Di Gregorio, Luisa Frallonardo, Giacomo Guido, Roberta Novara, Angela Amendolara, Ilenia Annunziata Ritacco, Francesca Ferrante, Lorenzo Masini, Ilaria Iannetti, Salvatore Mazzeo, Silvia Marello, Nicola Veronese, Federico Gobbi, Roberta Iatta, Annalisa Saracino

“…Despite showing good attitudes toward climate action, knowledge gap were found, with 42.5% (n = 257) of the respondents not knowing the temperature limits set by the Paris Agreements and 45.5% (n = 275) believing that climate change is caused by sunspots. Fears suggestive for eco-anxiety were common. …”
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A Heliocentric Satellite Constellation for Continuous Solar Coverage and Space Weather Monitoring by Shtofenmakher, Allan, Gochenaur, Daniel, Waters, Benjamin, Cato, Robert, Miller, Duncan, de Castro, Luke, Zheng, Tai, Koenig, Alexander, Sweeney, Katelyn, Diaz, Joel Jurado, Lepe, Alexis, McLellan-Cassivi, Claire, Ajisafe, Frederick, Saravanan, Akila, Nikolova, Joana, Ma, Clara Ziran, Trautman, Leilani, Khan, Nadia, de Weck, Olivier L., Crawley, Edward F.

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