Improving the Accuracy of a Heliocentric Potential (HCP) Prediction Model for the Aviation Radiation Dose by Junga Hwang, Kyoung-Won Yoon, Gyeongbok Jo, Sung-Jun Noh

“…We found that the most accurate method to derive the HCP value involves (1) real-time daily sunspot assessments, (2) predictions of the daily HCP by our prediction algorithm, and (3) calculations of the resultant daily effective dose rate. …”
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Seasonal, Diurnal, and Solar-Cycle Variations of Electron Density at Two West Africa Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Stations by Frédéric Ouattara, Doua Allain Gnabahou, Christine Amory Mazaudier

“…We examine the effect of the changing levels of solar extreme ultraviolet radiation with sunspot number. The study shows high correlation between foF2 and sunspot number (Rz). …”
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Relation between substorm characteristics and rapid temporal variations of the ground magnetic field by A. Viljanen, E. I. Tanskanen, E. I. Tanskanen, A. Pulkkinen

“…Our database consists of 833&nbsp;substorms observed by the IMAGE magnetometer network in 1997 (around sunspot minimum) and 1999 (rising phase of the sunspot cycle), divided into two classes according to the <i>D_st</i> index: non-storm (<i>D_st</i>&gt;-40 nT, 696&nbsp;events) and storm-time ones (<i>D_st</i>&lt;-40 nT, 137 events). …”
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Climate Change: Linear and Nonlinear Causality Analysis by Jiecheng Song, Merry Ma

“…Monthly data on potential climate change causal factors, including greenhouse gas concentrations, sunspot numbers, humidity, ice sheets mass, and sea ice coverage, from January 2003 to December 2021, have been utilized in the analysis. …”
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An Evaluation of Antarctic Ice Core Nitrate Records as a Proxy for Solar Activity by C. M. Laluraj, Rahaman Waliur, Thamban Meloth

“…Our record exhibits significant periodicity in the range of 8–12 years frequency band during 1940–2005 CE, apparently identified as the signal of ∼11 year sunspot cycle; however, such signal was not detected in the previous interval during 1905–1940 CE. …”
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Geomagnetic activity during the rising phase of solar cycle 24 by Richardson Ian G.

“…Here, we summarize the characteristics of geomagnetic activity during the first 4 years of cycle 24 following smoothed sunspot minimum in December, 2008, and compare these with those of similar periods during earlier cycles going back to the start of Kp (cycles 17–23). …”
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Observations of f-region critical frequency variation over Batu Pahat, Malaysia during low solar activity by Abdullah, Sabirin

“…From the observations, the critical frequency observed in 2005 is the highest, corresponding to a higher sunspot number of between 11 and 192. In contrast, the critical frequency is lower in 2007 due to the decrease in the sunspot number of between 11 to 63. …”
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PROBLEM OF MISTAKES IN DATABASES, PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION OF OBSERVATIONS OF THE SUN. I. by N. I. Lozitska

“…We revealed some misprints in the typographic and digital results of sunspot group area measurements.…”
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Statistical properties of Joule heating rate, electric field and conductances at high latitudes by A. T. Aikio, A. Selkälä

“…The data are from the same season (close to vernal equinox) and from similar sunspot conditions (about 1.5 years before the sunspot minimum) providing an excellent set of data to study the MLT and <I>K_p</I> dependence of parameters with high temporal and spatial resolution. …”
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Evidence for solar wind modulation of lightning by C J Scott, R G Harrison, M J Owens, M Lockwood, L Barnard

“…This result appears to contradict earlier studies that found an anti-correlation between sunspot number and thunder days over solar cycle timescales. …”
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Scaling Properties and Persistence of Long-Term Solar Activity by Fabio Lepreti, Vincenzo Carbone, Antonio Vecchio

“…The considered datasets are a sunspot number reconstruction (SNR04) obtained from the atmospheric activity of the cosmogenic isotope <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>14</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>C derived from tree rings, a total solar irradiance reconstruction (TSIR12) obtained from several <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>10</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>Be ice core records from Greenland and Antarctica in combination with the global record of <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>14</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>C in tree rings and a new multi-proxy sunspot number reconstruction (SNR18), also derived from <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>10</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>Be datasets and the global <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>14</mn></msup></semantics></math></inline-formula>C production series. …”
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Evaluation of astrophysically useful parameters for strontium monohydride and deuteride by Ramachandran Sri P., Rajamanickam N., Bagare S.P.

“…Thus the bands of the molecules are expected to be present in sunspot spectra, SC-stars, cool M-giant stars and other prominent astrophysical sources.…”
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Saddlepath learning. by Ellison, M, Pearlman, J

“…However, in this case there is a sunspot solution that is learnable as well. We conclude by demonstrating that our results hold for any information set.…”

The basic properties of dynamics of 23-rd cycle of solar activity and role of complexes of activity in its development by M. I. Ryabov, S. A. Lukashuk

“…The basic periods of formation of the centers of activity on various phases of a solar cycle and spatial characteristics CA and CAR from uses of the given daily and monthly average values of Wolf numbers (W), the areas of sunspot groups (S) and flare index (FI).…”
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CSES-01 Electron Density Background Characterisation and Preliminary Investigation of Possible Ne Increase before Global Seismicity by Wenqi Chen, Dedalo Marchetti, Kaiguang Zhu, Dario Sabbagh, Rui Yan, Zeren Zhima, Xuhui Shen, Yuqi Cheng, Mengxuan Fan, Siyu Wang, Ting Wang, Donghua Zhang, Hanshuo Zhang, Yiqun Zhang

“…We compared the obtained CSES-01 monthly median values with the solar activity in terms of sunspot numbers, and we found a high correlation of 0.89 for nighttime and 0.85 for daytime between the mean sunspot number and the maximum of the characterised CSES-01 Ne map values. …”
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A Framework on Analyzing Long-Term Drought Changes and Its Influential Factors Based on the PDSI by Bing Yang, Liang Kong, Chengguang Lai, Dong Huang, Xiangju Cheng

“…The relative rates of influence of the ENSO, sunspot numbers, and PDO during AD 1700–1996 were 38.40%, 31.81%, and 29.8%, respectively. …”
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Diurnal, seasonal, latitudinal and solar cycle variation of electron temperature in the topside F-region of the Indian zone ionosphere by M. Chamua, P. K. Bhuyan, P. Subrahmanyam, S. C. Garg

“…The variations are distinctly seen in summer and in the equinoxes. The sunspot activity during solar cycle 23 was minimum in 1996 and maximum in 2000. …”
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Millstone Hill Thomson Scatter Results for 1974 by Evans, J. V., Holt, J. M.

“…The behavior observed during these observations is discussed briefly in terms of the diurnal, seasonal, sunspot cycle, and magnetic disturbance variations reported previously and which now are believed to be largely understood.…”
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Saddlepath learning by Ellison, M, Pearlman, J

“…However, in this case there is a sunspot solution that is learnable as well. We conclude by demonstrating that our results hold for any information set.…”

Long-term changes in UV and EUV solar radiation by T. Heredia, A. G. Elias, N. O. de Adler

“…The analysis of stratospheric, ionospheric and solar data suggest that UV and EUV solar radiation have long-term variations that do not depend on the sunspot number Rz. The part of the UV and EUV solar flux associated to SCL, called UV(SCL) y EUV(SCL), varies in such a way that when SCL decreases, this radiation decreases. …”
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