A History of Solar Activity over Millennia by Ilya G. Usoskin

“…The concept of solar activity is discussed along with an overview of the special indices used to quantify different aspects of variable solar activity, with special emphasis upon sunspot number. Over long timescales, quantitative information about past solar activity can only be obtained using a method based upon indirect proxies, such as the cosmogenic isotopes 14C and 10Be in natural stratified archives (e.g., tree rings or ice cores). …”
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Detecting undocumented trends in solar irradiance observations by Dudok de Wit Thierry

“…We illustrate the method with spectral irradiance observations from the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) mission, using various solar proxies such as sunspot number, MgII index, F10.7 index. The results support the existence of non-solar trends that exceed the level of solar cycle variability. …”
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Diurnal and seasonal occurrence of polar patches by A. S. Rodger, A. C. Graham

“…Analysis of the diurnal and seasonal variation of polar patches, as identified in two years of HF-radar data from Halley, Antarctica during a period near sunspot maximum, shows that there is a broad maximum in occurrence centred about magnetic noon, not local noon. …”
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Normalized Cross-Correlations of Solar Cycle and Physical Characteristics of Cloud by Chang, Heon-Young

“…We explore the associations between the total sunspot area, solar north-south asymmetry, and Southern Oscillation Index and the physical characteristics of clouds by calculating normalized cross-correlations, motivated by the idea that the galactic cosmic ray influx modulated by solar activity may cause changes in cloud coverage, and in turn the Earth’s climate. …”
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An ionospheric index suitable for estimating the degree of ionospheric perturbations by Wilken Volker, Kriegel Martin, Jakowski Norbert, Berdermann Jens

“…These are for example the Wolf number sunspot index, the solar flux density F10.7, measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field, the proton density, the solar wind speed, the dynamical pressure, the geomagnetic indices Auroral Electrojet, Kp, Ap and Dst as well as the Total Electron Content (TEC), the Rate of TEC, the scintillation indices S4 and σ(ϕ) and the Along-Arc TEC Rate index index. …”
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Distribution of low-power solar flares by brightness rise time by Borovik A.V., Zhdanov A.A.

“…Two-ribbon flares, white-light flares, and flares covering sunspot umbra can also have low power.…”
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Millstone Hill Thomson Scatter Results for 1964 by Evans, J. V.

“…Although 1964 was at sunspot minimum, the seasonal variation in f[subscript o]F2 was quite evident. …”
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Millstone Hill Thomson Scatter Results for 1973 by Evans, J. V., Babcock, R. R., Jr., Holt, J. M.

“…These results, together with similar results obtained using data gathered over the six-year period 1970-1975 have been used in a study of the seasonal and sunspot cycle variation of the mean meridional and zonal winds. …”
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The solar influence on the probability of relatively cold UK winters in the future by Lockwood, M, Harrison, R, Owens, M, Barnard, L, Woollings, T, Steinhilber, F

“…Solar activity during the current sunspot minimum has fallen to levels unknown since the start of the 20th century (Lockwood 2010 Proc. …”

Geomagnetism during solar cycle 23: Characteristics by Jean-Louis Zerbo, Christine Amory-Mazaudier, Frédéric Ouattara

“…On the basis of more than 48 years of morphological analysis of yearly and monthly values of the sunspot number, the aa index, the solar wind speed and interplanetary magnetic field, we point out the particularities of geomagnetic activity during the period 1996–2009. …”
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Multicomponent Activity Cycles Using Hilbert–Huang Analysis by E. N. Velloso, F. Anthony, J.-D. do Nascimento Jr., L. F. Q. Silveira, J. Hall, S. H. Saar

“…We present our results for the solar activity as measured both by the sunspot number and the K -line emission index, and we consistently recover the Schwabe and Gleissberg cycles as well as the Gnevyshev–Ohl pattern probably related to the Hale cycle. …”
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Temporal Variation of the Rotation in the Solar Transition Region by Xiaojuan Zhang, Linhua Deng, Yu Fei, Chun Li, Xinan Tian

“…Correlation techniques are used, and the main results are as follows. (1) The sidereal rotation period of the solar transition region varies between 22.24 and 31.49 days, and the mean sidereal rotation period is 25.50 days for the studied time interval 1947–2022. (2) The rotation period of the transition region exhibits a clear downward trend during 1947–2022, which might be caused by the reduced heliospheric pressure and the weaker solar global magnetic fields. (3) Significant periodic signal of the quasi-Schwabe cycle is found in the rotation periods of the transition region. (4) The cross-correlation between the rotation periods of the solar transition region and sunspot activity corroborates a strong correlation with the Schwabe cycle. …”
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Some statistics of Ionospheric total electron content variations at mid-latitude zones of Mongolia by Baatarkhuu Dagva, Amarjargal Sharav, Lkhagvajav Chultemiin

“…Phase overlapping seasonal variations of TEC and Sunspot, and Solar flux (10.7) indices, and Earth rotations (LOD) and Atmospheric angular moment (AAM) are observed in our data analyses. …”
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Influence of the Atmospheric Mass on the High Energy Cosmic Ray Muons during a Solar Cycle by A. H. Maghrabi, R. N. Alotaibi, M. M. Almutayri, M. S. Garawi

“…This variable tendency is found to be anticorrelated with the solar activity, represented by the sunspot number. This finding was compared with the annual trend of α for the Adelaide muon detector for the same period of time, and a similar trend was found.…”
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Tracing ancient solar cycles with tree rings and radiocarbon in the first millennium BCE by Nicolas Brehm, Charlotte L. Pearson, Marcus Christl, Alex Bayliss, Kurt Nicolussi, Thomas Pichler, David Brown, Lukas Wacker

“…Understanding solar variability is critical, but direct observations are limited to 400 years of sunspot records. To extend this timeline, cosmic ray-produced radionuclides like 14C in tree-rings provide invaluable insights. …”
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Deep Learning the Forecast of Galactic Cosmic-Ray Spectra by Yi-Lun Du, Xiaojian Song, Xi Luo

“…By flexibly incorporating multiple solar parameters, such as the heliospheric magnetic field, solar wind speed, and sunspot numbers, the model achieves accurate short-term and long-term predictions of cosmic-ray flux. …”
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Historical Reconstruction of Astronaut Cancer Risk: Context for Recent Solar Minima by Tony C. Slaba

“…Surrogate measures of solar activity (e.g., sunspot number records and radionuclide yields from ice cores and/or tree rings) combined with model predictions have also been used to infer that the Sun may be entering into a quiet period similar to the Dalton or Gleissberg minima when GCR fluences reached historically high levels. …”
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Architecture for Improving Terrestrial Logistics Based on the Web of Things by Antonio Skarmeta, Antonio J. Jara, Miguel Castro

“…The proposed system integrates RFID for tracking and tracing through a distributed architecture developed for heavy goods vehicles, and the sensors embedded in the SunSPOT platform for monitoring the goods transported based on the concept of the Internet of Things. …”
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A Prediction Method of Ionospheric hmF2 Based on Machine Learning by Jian Wang, Qiao Yu, Yafei Shi, Cheng Yang

“…Taking Moscow station as an example, this method has been tested using the ionospheric observation data from August 2011 to October 2016. Only by inputting sunspot number, month, and universal time into the proposed model can the predicted value of hmF2 be obtained for the corresponding time. …”
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Chaotic Signal Denoising Based on Adaptive Smoothing Multiscale Morphological Filtering by Guiji Tang, Xiaoli Yan, Xiaolong Wang

“…In the experiment, the Lorenz signal with white Gaussian noise, the measured sunspot, and the chaotic vibration signal are reconstructed by four comparison methods. …”
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