Concordance between 13C:12C ratio technique respect to indirect calorimetry to estimate carbohydrate and Fat oxidation rates by means stoichiometric equations during exercise. A re... by Carlos González‐Haro

“…Concordance between indirect calorimetry and the method of reference (13C to 12C ratio (13C:12C ratio) technique) for key stoichiometric equations was assessed in well‐trained triathletes. Subjects carried out a carbohydrate depletion‐repletion protocol, labeling the glycogen stores with 13C, and a laboratory test to assess the 13C metabolic response during a wide range of aerobic intensities during exercise. …”
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Swimming induced pulmonary oedema in athletes – a systematic review and best evidence synthesis by Erik Hohmann, Vaida Glatt, Kevin Tetsworth

“…There is strong evidence that sudden deaths of triathletes are often associated with cardiac abnormalities.…”
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Muscle damage and its relationship with muscle fatigue during a half-iron triathlon. by Juan Del Coso, Cristina González-Millán, Juan José Salinero, Javier Abián-Vicén, Lidón Soriano, Sergio Garde, Benito Pérez-González

“…METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We recruited 25 trained triathletes (36±7 yr; 75.1±9.8 kg) for the study. Before and just after the race, jump height and leg muscle power output were measured during a countermovement jump on a force platform to determine leg muscle fatigue. …”
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Co-ingestion of carbohydrate and whey protein isolates enhance PGC-1α mRNA expression: a randomised, single blind, cross over study by Hill Karen M, Stathis Christos G, Grinfeld Esther, Hayes Alan, McAinch Andrew J

“…</p> <p>Method</p> <p>Six endurance trained male cyclists and triathletes (age 29 ± 4 years, weight 74 ± 2 kg, VO_{2 max} 63 ± 3 ml oxygen<sup>.…”
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P5.08 ACUTE CHANGES IN CAROTID DIAMETER AND THICKNESS AFTER AND IRONMAN COMPETITION by R.M. Bruno, E. Bianchini, A. Vezzoli, S. Mrakic Sposta, A.I. Corciu, M. Comassi, R. Sicari, E. Picano, L. Pratali

“…Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of participation in Ironman triathlon competition on carotid properties, in relation to hemodynamic load. Methods: 28 male triathletes (41±8 years), participating at the Ironman competition (swimming 3.8 km, cycling 180 km, running 42,2 km; 13 athletes performed half-race), underwent carotid and cardiac ultrasound examinations at rest and within 20’ from the arrival. …”
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<b>The effects of bicycle seat tube angle on subsequent running</b>. 10.5007/1980-0037.2011v13n6p436 by Rodrigo Baltazar, Mariana Borges de Andrade, Fabrizio Caputo

“…The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of two different (73° and 80°) seat tube angles (STAs) on physiological and biomechanical variables during cycling and on subsequent running performance. Six male triathletes (24.1+7.8 year; 71.3+7.6 kg; 1.76+4.8 m) completed two 20-km cycling trials (at 73° or 80°) at self-selected intensity on their own bikes using a cycle simulator and immediately transitioned to a 3-km running trial on a track at maximum pace. …”
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Reliability of the parameters of the power-duration relationship using maximal effort time-trials under laboratory conditions. by Christoph Triska, Bettina Karsten, Bernd Heidegger, Bernhard Koller-Zeisler, Bernhard Prinz, Alfred Nimmerichter, Harald Tschan

“…After an initial incremental exercise test, ten well-trained male triathletes (age: 28.5 ± 4.7 years; body mass: 73.3 ± 7.9 kg; height: 1.80 ± 0.07 m; maximal aerobic power [MAP]: 329 ± 41 W) performed three testing sessions (Familiarization, Test I and Test II) each comprising three TT (12, 7, and 3 min with a passive recovery of 60 min between trials). …”
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The metabolic and performance effects of caffeine compared to coffee during endurance exercise. by Adrian B Hodgson, Rebecca K Randell, Asker E Jeukendrup

“…In a single-blind, crossover, randomised counter-balanced study design, eight trained male cyclists/triathletes (Mean ± SD: Age 41 ± 7 y, Height 1.80 ± 0.04 m, Weight 78.9 ± 4.1 kg, VO2 max 58 ± 3 ml • kg(-1) • min(-1)) completed 30 min of steady-state (SS) cycling at approximately 55% VO2max followed by a 45 min energy based target time trial (TT). …”
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Dose caffeinated energy drink is a consideration issue for endurance performance by Jie-Ping Wang, Chen-Chan Wei, Yun-Dong Peng, Hsuan-Yun Wang, Chi-Hsiang Hung, Yin-Hui Hong, Yuh-Feng Liou, Chien-Wen Hou

“…We conducted a double-blind, randomized, counter-balanced, and crossover research study to examine the effects of low caffeinated energy drink (Low ED) or high caffeinated energy drink (High ED) supplement on the performance, haematological response, and oxidative stress in triathletes. Twelve male participants underwent three testing sessions separated by weekly intervals, consisting of sprint triathlon training (0.75 km swim, 20 km cycle, and 5 km run). …”
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Validation of a 3D Camera System for Cycling Analysis by Robson Dias Scoz, Thiago Roberto Espindola, Mateus Freitas Santiago, Paulo Rui de Oliveira, Bruno Mazziotti Oliveira Alves, Luciano Maia Alves Ferreira, César Ferreira Amorim

“…Methods: Overall, 11 healthy amateur male triathletes were filmed riding their bicycles with Vicon 3D cameras and the Retul 3D cameras for bike fitting analysis simultaneously. …”
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Performance and Recovery of Well-Trained Younger and Older Athletes during Different HIIT Protocols by Laura Hottenrott, Martin Möhle, Sarah Feichtinger, Sascha Ketelhut, Oliver Stoll, Kuno Hottenrott

“…Methods: 12 younger (24.5 ± 3.7 years) and 12 older (47.3 ± 8.6 years) well-trained cyclists and triathletes took part in this study. Between the age groups there were no significant differences in relative peak power to fat-free mass, maximal heart rate (HR), training volume, and VO_2max-percentiles (%). …”
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Koncentrace pozornosti jako předpoklad výkonu u sportovců v juniorských kategoriích ve vytrvalostních sportech Concentration of attention as a predisposition of performance in juni... by Lenka Kovářová, Karel Kovář

“…&lt;strong&gt;RESULTS&lt;/strong&gt;: The results indicate that the group of older triathletes shows a significantly higher level of concentration of attention. …”
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Carbohydrate knowledge, beliefs, and intended practices, of endurance athletes who report exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms by Rachel Scrivin, Rachel Scrivin, Ricardo J. S. Costa, Fiona Pelly, Dana Lis, Gary Slater

“…Participants included runners (n = 114, 57%), triathletes (n = 43, 21%) and non-running sports (n = 44, 21%) who participate in recreational competitive (n = 74, 37%), recreational non-competitive (n = 64, 32%), or competitive regional, national, or international levels (n = 63, 31%). …”
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Back pain in elite sports: A cross-sectional study on 1114 athletes. by Daniela Fett, Katharina Trompeter, Petra Platen

“…The prevalence of back pain was significantly lower in elite triathletes.Back pain is a common complaint in German elite athletes. …”
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Quadriceps or triceps surae proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching with post-stretching dynamic activities does not induce acute changes in running economy by A. Konrad, A. Konrad, A. Konrad, M. Tilp, F. Stöcker, L. Mehmeti, N. Mahnič, W. Seiberl, D. G. Behm, F. K. Paternoster

“…Eighteen trained male runners/triathletes visited the laboratory five times. The first two visits were to familiarize the participants and to test for maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) respectively. …”
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Enhancing Supplemental Effects of Acute Natural Antioxidant Derived from Yeast Fermentation and Vitamin C on Sports Performance in Triathlon Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blinded,... by Eunjoo Lee, Hun-Young Park, Sung-Woo Kim, Yerin Sun, Jae-Ho Choi, Jisoo Seo, Yanghoon Peter Jung, Ah-Jin Kim, Jisu Kim, Kiwon Lim

“…In conclusion, combined vitamin C and glutathione supplementation was more effective in improving metabolic function, skeletal oxygenation, cardiac function, and antioxidant function during prolonged submaximal exercise in middle-aged triathletes.…”
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Relationship Between the Critical Power Test and a 20-min Functional Threshold Power Test in Cycling by Bettina Karsten, Luca Petrigna, Andreas Klose, Antonino Bianco, Nathan Townsend, Christoph Triska, Christoph Triska

“…To investigate the agreement between critical power (CP) and functional threshold power (FTP), 17 trained cyclists and triathletes (mean ± SD: age 31 ± 9 years, body mass 80 ± 10 kg, maximal aerobic power 350 ± 56 W, peak oxygen consumption 51 ± 10 mL⋅min–1⋅kg–1) performed a maximal incremental ramp test, a single-visit CP test and a 20-min time trial (TT) test in randomized order on three different days. …”
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Voluntary fluid intake and palatability change with two-drink availability during cycling training by Pietro Scaglioni

“…Methods: Twenty recreational cyclists and triathletes (22.8 ± 6.9 years old) were recruited. Subjects completed three laboratory sessions each (DB=23°C, RH=70%) in randomly assigned order, with at least one week between sessions: one session, only water available (WAonly); another session, only sports drink (SDonly); and another session, both beverages (BOTH). …”
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Occurrence, Risk Factors, Prognosis and Prevention of Swimming-Induced Pulmonary Oedema: a Systematic Review by Sarah Spencer, John Dickinson, Lindsay Forbes

“…One study reported that 1.4% of triathletes in the USA had experienced SIPE. One study found that hypertension, female sex, fish oil use, long course distance and another lower initial lung volumes and flows were risk factors for SIPE. …”
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Comparison of "Live High-Train Low" in normobaric versus hypobaric hypoxia. by Jonas J Saugy, Laurent Schmitt, Roberto Cejuela, Raphael Faiss, Anna Hauser, Jon P Wehrlin, Benjamin Rudaz, Audric Delessert, Neil Robinson, Grégoire P Millet

“…We investigated the changes in both performance and selected physiological parameters following a Live High-Train Low (LHTL) altitude camp in either normobaric hypoxia (NH) or hypobaric hypoxia (HH) replicating current "real" practices of endurance athletes. Well-trained triathletes were split into two groups (NH, n = 14 and HH, n = 13) and completed an 18-d LHTL camp during which they trained at 1100-1200 m and resided at an altitude of 2250 m (PiO2  = 121.7±1.2 vs. 121.4±0.9 mmHg) under either NH (hypoxic chamber; FiO2 15.8±0.8%) or HH (real altitude; barometric pressure 580±23 mmHg) conditions. …”
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