Comparing the Performance Gap Between Males and Females in the Older Age Groups in IRONMAN® 70.3: An Internet-Based Cross-Sectional Study of More Than 800,000 Race Records by Beat Knechtle, David Valero, Elias Villiger, Mabliny Thuany, Marilia Santos Andrade, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis, Ivan Cuk, Katja Weiss

“…The sex difference was lower in swimming than in cycling and running and less pronounced for triathletes between 20 and 50 years of age. After the age of 60 years, females were able to reduce the sex difference to males in swimming and cycling, but not in running, where the reduction in the sex difference started after the age of 70 years. …”
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Determination of the Respiratory Compensation Point by Detecting Changes in Intercostal Muscles Oxygenation by Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy by Felipe Contreras-Briceño, Maximiliano Espinosa-Ramirez, Vicente Keim-Bagnara, Matías Carreño-Román, Rafael Rodríguez-Villagra, Fernanda Villegas-Belmar, Ginés Viscor, Luigi Gabrielli, Marcelo E. Andía, Oscar F. Araneda, Daniel E. Hurtado

“…We concluded that changes at SmO₂-<i>m.intercostales</i> measured by NIRS could adequately determine RCP in triathletes.…”
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Effect of Clothing Fabric on 20-km Cycling Performance in Endurance Athletes by Jared Ferguson, Amir Hadid, Amir Hadid, Yoram Epstein, Yoram Epstein, Dennis Jensen, Dennis Jensen

“…Purpose: Examine the effect of synthetic fabrics (SYN, 60% polyester: 40% nylon) vs. 100% cotton fabric (CTN) on the 20-km cycling time trial (20 kmCTT) performance of competitive cyclists and triathletes.Methods: In this randomized controlled crossover study, 15 adults (5 women) aged 29.6 ± 2.7 years (mean ± SE) with a peak rate of O2 consumption of 60.0 ± 2.0 ml/kg/min completed a 20 kmCTT under ambient laboratory conditions (24.3 ± 0.7°C and 17 ± 7% relative humidity) with a simulated wind of ~3 m/s while wearing SYN or CTN clothing ensembles. …”
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Are the Assioma Favero Power Meter Pedals a Reliable Tool for Monitoring Cycling Power Output? by Víctor Rodríguez-Rielves, José Ramón Lillo-Beviá, Ángel Buendía-Romero, Alejandro Martínez-Cava, Alejandro Hernández-Belmonte, Javier Courel-Ibáñez, Jesús G. Pallarés

“…In total, 12 well-trained male cyclists and triathletes (VO_2max = 65.7 ± 8.7 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) completed five cycling tests including graded exercises tests (GXT) at different cadences (70–100 revolutions per minute, rpm), workloads (100–650 Watts, W), pedaling positions (seated and standing), vibration stress (20–40 Hz), and an 8-s maximal sprint. …”
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Effect of mouth rinsing and ingestion of carbohydrate solutions on mood and perceptual responses during exercise by Ajmol Ali, Catherine Moss, Michelle Ji Yeon Yoo, Alanah Wilkinson, Bernhard H. Breier

“…Conclusions In a CHO-reduced state, mouth rinsing with a CHO solution did not impact on perceptual responses during high-intensity exercise in trained cyclists and triathletes. On the other hand CHO ingestion improved perceived ratings of vigour and increased power output during exercise.…”
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Efeitos do estado e especificidade do treinamento aeróbio na relação %VO2max versus %FCmax durante o ciclismo Effects of the state and specificity of aerobic training on the %VO2ma... by Fabrizio Caputo, Camila Coelho Greco, Benedito Sérgio Denadai

“…METHODS: Seven runners, 9 cyclists, 11 triathletes, and 12 sedentary individuals, all male and apparently healthy, underwent exhaustive incremental exercise on cycle ergometers. …”
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Same performance changes after Live High-Train Low in normobaric versus hypobaric hypoxia by Jonas J. Saugy, Laurent eSchmitt, Anna eHauser, Anna eHauser, Guillaume eConstantin, Roberto eCejuela, Raphael eFaiss, Raphael eFaiss, Jon P Wehrlin, Jeremie eRosset, Neil eRobinson, Gregoire P Millet

“…Methods: Well-trained triathletes (n=16) were split into two groups and completed two 18-day LTHL camps during which they trained at 1100-1200 m and lived at 2250 m (PiO2 = 111.9 ± 0.6 vs. 111.6 ± 0.6 mmHg) under NH (hypoxic chamber; FiO2 18.05 ± 0.03%) or HH (real altitude; barometric pressure 580.2 ± 2.9 mmHg) conditions. …”
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Acute Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses to Incremental Cycling Exercise in Endurance- and Strength-Trained Athletes by Maciej Jurasz, Michał Boraczyński, James J. Laskin, Anna M. Kamelska-Sadowska, Robert Podstawski, Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki, Jacek J. Nowakowski, Piotr Gronek

“…The sample comprised 32 participants aged 22.0 ± 0.54 years who were assigned into three groups: an endurance trained group (END, triathletes, <i>n</i> = 10), a strength trained group (STR, bodybuilders, <i>n</i> = 10), and a control group (CON, recreationally active students, <i>n</i> = 12). …”
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An exploratory study of the management strategies reported by endurance athletes with exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms by Rachel Scrivin, Rachel Scrivin, Ricardo J. S. Costa, Fiona Pelly, Dana Lis, Gary Slater

“…Respondents included runners (55%, n = 75), triathletes (22%, n = 30), and non-running sports (23%, n = 32), participating at a recreationally competitive (37%, n = 51), recreationally non-competitive (32%, n = 44), and competitive regional/national/international (31%, n = 42) levels. …”
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Carbohydrate Intake Practices and Determinants of Food Choices During Training in Recreational, Amateur, and Professional Endurance Athletes: A Survey Analysis by Corinne Reinhard, Stuart D. R. Galloway

“…Accordingly, an anonymous German-language online survey was circulated examining the determinants of CHO choices, and intake practices among runners, triathletes, and cyclists during training. Survey questions included predefined answers, and a Likert scale with response of CHO food choice intakes from 1 = never to 5 = always. 1,081 endurance participants (58.0% male, 68.6% aged 18–39 years) of varying competitive levels were included in the analysis. …”
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A comparison of participation and performance in age group finishers competing in and qualifying for Ironman Hawaii by Stiefel M, R&amp;uuml;st CA, Rosemann T, Knechtle B

“…Cycling times were slower in Ironman Hawaii for those aged 18&amp;ndash;24 and those aged 40 years and older (P &amp;lt; 0.05).Conclusion: There are differences in terms of participation and performance for athletes in different age groups between Ironman Hawaii and its qualifier races. Triathletes aged 25&amp;ndash;49 years and men generally were underrepresented in Ironman Hawaii compared with in its Ironman qualifier races. …”
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Prevalence of Low Energy Availability in Competitively Trained Male Endurance Athletes by Amy R. Lane, Anthony C. Hackney, Abbie Smith-Ryan, Kristen Kucera, Johna Registar-Mihalik, Kristin Ondrak

“…<i>Materials and Methods</i>: Subjects were 108 CRT (38.6 &#177; 13.8 y; 12.2 &#177; 5.4 h/wk training) male endurance athletes (runners, cyclists, triathletes) who completed a descriptive survey online via Qualtrics^&#174; and returned 3 day diet and exercise training records. …”
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Total Dietary Antioxidant Intake Including Polyphenol Content: Is It Capable to Fight against Increased Oxidants within the Body of Ultra-Endurance Athletes? by Aslı Devrim-Lanpir, Pelin Bilgic, Tuğba Kocahan, Gökhan Deliceoğlu, Thomas Rosemann, Beat Knechtle

“…The study included 24 ultra-marathon runners and long-distance triathletes (12 male and 12 female) who underwent an acute exhaustive exercise test (a cycle ergometer (45 min at 65% VO₂max) immediately followed by a treadmill test (75% VO₂max to exhaustion). …”
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Long-Haul Northeast Travel Disrupts Sleep and Induces Perceived Fatigue in Endurance Athletes by Christopher J. Stevens, Christopher J. Stevens, Heidi R. Thornton, Heidi R. Thornton, Peter M. Fowler, Christopher Esh, Lee Taylor, Lee Taylor

“…Introduction: Long-haul transmeridian travel is known to cause disruptions to sleep and immune status, which may increase the risk of illness.Aim: This study aimed to determine the effects of long-haul northeast travel for competition on sleep, illness and preparedness in endurance athletes.Methods: Twelve trained (13.8 ± 3.2 training h/week) masters (age: 48 ± 14 years) triathletes were monitored for sleep (quantity via actigraphy and quality via self-report), mucosal immunity (salivary immunoglobulin-A) and stress (salivary cortisol) as well as self-reported illness, fatigue, recovery and preparedness. …”
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Cereal and nonfat milk support muscle recovery following exercise by Liao Yi-Hung, Hara Daiske, Wang Bei, Ding Zhenping, Kammer Lynne, Ivy John L

“…</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Trained cyclists or triathletes (8 male: 28.0 ± 1.6 yrs, 1.8 ± 0.0 m, 75.4 ± 3.2 kg, 61.0 ± 1.6 ml O₂•kg^-1•min^-1; 4 female: 25.3 ± 1.7 yrs, 1.7 ± 0.0 m, 66.9 ± 4.6 kg, 46.4 ± 1.2 mlO₂•kg^-1•min^-1) completed two randomly-ordered trials serving as their own controls. …”
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Effects of Acute Exercise and Training on the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Release and Uptake Rates in Highly Trained Endurance Athletes by Kasper Degn Gejl, Erik P. Andersson, Joachim Nielsen, Hans-Christer Holmberg, Hans-Christer Holmberg, Niels Ørtenblad

“…Eleven cross-country skiers (25 ± 4 years, 65 ± 4 mL O2⋅kg−1⋅min–1) performed four self-paced sprint time-trials (STT 1-4) lasting ≈ 4 min each (STT 1–4) and separated by 45 min of recovery; while 19 triathletes and road cyclists (25 ± 4 years, 65 ± 5 mL O2⋅kg−1⋅min–1) completed 4 weeks of endurance training in combination with three sessions of high-intensity interval cycling per week. …”
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Dependence of reactions of the external respiratory system in athletes on the orientation of the training process by S. M. Kanyhina, M. S. Potapenko, L. O. Kurilets

“…The study involved 104 athletes (84 men and 20 women) skill level from CMS to IMS: 63 – athletes, who developed mainly endurance quality (triathletes, swimmers, long-distance runners, rowing), 31 – strength quality (weightlifters, powerlifting, weightlifting), 10 – speed quality (runners sprinters). …”
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Estratégias de alimentação, hidratação e suplementação, em período de treinamento e competição de triatletas no Ironman 140.6 e 70.3 brasil by Gabriela Datsch Bennemann, Felipe Zavadski, Dalton Luiz Schiessel, Mariana Abe Vicente Cavagnari

“…ABSTRACT  Feeding, hydration and supplementation strategies in training and competition period of triathletes in “Iron Man 140.6 and 70.3 Brazil” The Ironman Triathlon is characterized as an endurance activity consisting of swimming, running and cycling. …”
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Endothelial function in athletes in the process of adaptation to training loads of different orientations by S. M. Kanyhina, V. V. Syvolap, M. S. Potapenko

“…After signing a written informed consent, the study involved 104 athletes (80 men and 24 women) qualifying from the First-Class athletes to Masters of Sports of International Class (MSIC): 63 – athletes, who mainly trained endurance performance (triathletes, swimmers, long-distance runners, rowers), 31 – strength performance (weightlifters, powerlifters, kettlebell lifters), 10 – speed performance (sprinters). …”
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Prognostic Relevance of Ischemic Late Gadolinium Enhancement in Apparently Healthy Endurance Athletes: A Follow-up Study Over 5 years by Gunnar K. Lund, Sharon Leptin, Haissam Ragab, Martin R. Sinn, Alexander Fierenz, Ersin Cavus, Kai Muellerleile, Hang Chen, Jennifer Erley, Phillip Harms, Anna Kisters, Jitka Starekova, Gerhard Adam, Enver Tahir

“…Results Complete follow-up was available for 293/312 athletes (94%) including 145 triathletes, 74 marathon runners and 74 cyclists after a median of 5.6 [quartiles 4,3, 6,4] years. …”
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