Islamic Banking Products and Economic Development in Nigeria: A Co-Integration Approach by Habeeb Olaniyi Olayiwola

“…The unit root test showed that all the data series were stationary at the first difference I(1). …”
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Globalization and Per Capita Income Growth in Emerging Economies by Ubong Edem Effiong

“…The unit root test revealed that the order of integration of the variables were mixed at levels and first difference. …”
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The Devil’s Triangle: Empirical Evidence from Turkey on Growth, Current Account Deficit, and Inflation by Çiğdem Gülgün

“…Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) (1979, 1981) and Philips-Perron (PP) Unit Root tests (1988) and Lee-Strazicich Unit Root Test (2003) were used for stationarity tests. …”
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Determinant of Sesame Export Performance in Ethiopia: A Panel Gravity Model Application by Murad Mohammed Baker, Beyan Ahmed Yuya

“…It used short panel data that cover 11 countries of consistent Ethiopia’s sesame importers for the period of 13 years from 2002 to 2014. The panel unit root test of Levin-Lin-Chu was used for each variable and applied the first difference transformation for the variables that had a unit root. …”
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The role of innovation in environmental-related technologies and institutional quality to drive environmental sustainability by Mohsin Shabir, Iftikhar Hussain, Özcan Işık, Kamran Razzaq, Iqra Mehroush

“…The panel unit root test findings showed that all data series are stationary at the first difference. …”
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Non-stationary functional time series and functional machine learning : inference and applications by Chen, Yichao

“…In view of this, functional KPSS test and functional unit root test test can be important and have broad prospects of research and application. …”
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Anticipated and unanticipated monetary variables effectiveness in measuring financial stability in Malaysia during crisis by Caroline Geetha, Roslinah Mahmud, Kok Sook Ching

“…The analysis began with a unit root test that revealed that both anticipated and unanticipated monetary variables were having unit root problems at level but not at 1st difference. …”
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A bound test approach to cointegration of tourism demand by Habibi, Fateh, Abdul Rahim, Khalid

“…Results: The result of ADF and PP unit root tests confirmed that all variables were stationary at first difference. …”
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Carbon dioxide emission, energy consumption, economic growth, population, poverty and forest area: evidence from panel data analysis by Islam, Rabiul, Abdul Ghani, Ahmad Bashawir, Mahyudin, Emil

“…There were several tests that had conducted which involved Panel unit root test, cointegration test, Granger causality test. …”
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Efficiency of Agricultural Investment and its Role in Economic Development in Egypt by Gamal Kamel, Ahmed Mohamed, Moataz Eliw

“…This will be done using investment efficiency standards and standard measurement methods based on time series analysis, unit root tests, and cointegration tests. The causal relationship between agricultural GDP and both government and private agricultural investment will also be studied. …”
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The relationship between economic globalization and ecological footprint: empirical evidence for developed and developing countries by Yıldız Sağlam Çeliköz, Tuba Yildiz, Ünal Arslan, Hale Kirmizioğlu

“…The ecological footprint is the dependent variable in the study’s model, and the GDP and KOF Globalization Index (KOF) index are the independent variables. The CADF panel unit root test, which takes into account cross-sectional dependence, was used to choose the appropriate test method for the analysis. …”
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The Seasonal KPSS Test: Examining Possible Applications with Monthly Data and Additional Deterministic Terms by Ghassen El Montasser

“…The literature has been notably less definitive in distinguishing between finite sample studies of seasonal stationarity than in seasonal unit root tests. Although the use of seasonal stationarity and unit root tests is advised to determine correctly the most appropriate form of the trend in a seasonal time series, such a use is rarely noted in the relevant studies on this topic. …”
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Addressing Program Sustainability: A Time Series Analysis of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program in the US by Achintya Ray

“…In all specifications, the presence of a unit root cannot be rejected. An overwhelming body of evidence suggests that the growth in SNAP beneficiaries may need to be revised. …”
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Toward achieving sustainable development agenda: Nexus between agriculture, trade openness, and oil rents in Nigeria by Adedoyin Festus F., Osundina Olawumi A., Bekun Festus V., Asongu Simplice A.

“…First, a battery of non-stationarity and stationarity unit root tests are performed; these range from the traditional Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips–Perron (PP) techniques to the relatively recent Zivot Andrews (ZA) unit root test which accounts for a single structural break to ascertain stationarity properties in the variables under review. …”
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Does Energy-Growth and Environment Quality Matter for Agriculture Sector in Pakistan or not? An Application of Cointegration Approach by Abbas Ali Chandio, Yuansheng Jiang, Abdul Rauf, Amir Ali Mirani, Rashid Usman Shar, Fayyaz Ahmad, Khurram Shehzad

“…We use CO₂ emissions from the agriculture sector as a proxy indicator for environmental quality. We employ various unit root tests (e.g., ADF, PP, ERS, KPSS) and structural break unit root tests (Z&A, CMR) to check the stationarity and structural break in the data series. …”
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Comparison of the Effects of Public and Private Health Expenditures on the Health Status: a Panel Data Analysis in Eastern Mediterranean Countries by Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Sajad Vahedi, Abedin Teimourizad, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Mohamad Hadian, Amin Torabi Pour

“…First, we used Pesaran CD test followed by Pesaran’s CADF unit root test. After the confirmation of having unit root, we used Westerlund panel cointegration test and found that the model was cointegrated and then after using Hausman and Breusch-Pagan tests, we estimated the model using the random effects. …”
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The Effect of Energy Consumption and Economic Growth on Environmental Sustainability in the GCC Countries: Does Financial Development Matter? by Hala Baydoun, Mehmet Aga

“…The outcomes of the CSD and SH tests indicated that using the first-generation techniques produces misleading results. The panel unit root analysis unveiled that the series are I (1). …”
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Structure, Conduct and Performance of REITs in Emerging Markets by Daniel Ibrahim Dabara, Olusegun Adebayo Ogunba

“…The data series for the study were analyzed by means of the Kwiatkowski-Phillips-Schimidt-Shin (KPSS) unit root tests, Philip-Perron (PP) unit root tests, Granger Causality tests, and the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression. …”
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Testing on weak-form of efficient market hypothesis of FTSE Bursa Malaysia Kuala Lumpur composite index (FBMKLCI) share index / Nur Syahidah Ishak by Ishak, Nur Syahidah

“…The statistical test applied in this study is Descriptive Statistic, Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) Unit Root Test, Philips-Perron (PP) Unit Root Test, Autocorrelation Test and Runs Test.…”
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Economic growth and unemployment an empirical evidence from Malaysia / Carol Erita Kichi by Kichi, Carol Erita

“…The relationship between unemployment and economic growth will be tested by using the Unit Root Test models. Co-integration, Vector Error Correction (VECM) and Granger Causality Causes. …”
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