Seismic Architecture of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere System in the Western United States from a Joint Inversion of Body- and Surface-wave Observations: Distribution of Partial Melt in the Upper Mantle by Joseph Byrnes, James Gaherty, Emily Hopper

“…Application to the western United States clarifies where upper mantle discontinuities are lithosphere-asthenosphere boundaries (LAB) or mid-lithospheric discontinuities (MLD). …”
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Investigating the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation water content in the western United States by blending GNSS-IR, AMSR-E, and AMSR2 observables using machine learning methods by Shuwen Li, Han Jing, Qiangqiang Yuan, Linwei Yue, Tongwen Li

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A Spatial PWV Retrieval Model Over Land for GCOM-W/AMSR2 Using Neural Network Method: A Case in the Western United States by Zhaorui Gao, Nan Jiang, Yan Xu, Tianhe Xu, Rubing Zeng, Ao Guo, Yuhao Wu

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Distribution, habitat associations, and conservation status updates for the pilose crayfish Pacifastacus gambelii (Girard, 1852) and Snake River pilose crayfish Pacifastacus connectens (Faxon, 1914) of the western United States by Rachel M. Egly, Eric R. Larson

“…Our study evaluates the distribution, habitat associations, and current conservation status of the Snake River pilose crayfish Pacifastacus connectens (Faxon, 1914) and pilose crayfish Pacifastacus gambelii (Girard, 1852), two little-studied and data-deficient species endemic to the western United States. We first developed a species distribution model (SDM) for the pilose crayfishes based on their historical occurrence records using boosted regression trees and freshwater GIS data layers. …”
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Corrigendum: Tree mortality from fires, bark beetles, and timber harvest during a hot and dry decade in the western United States (2003–2012) (2017 Environ. Res. Lett. 12 065005) by Logan T Berner, Beverly E Law, Arjan J H Meddens, Jeffrey A Hicke

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Sources of productivity growth in the American coal industry by Ellerman, Thomas M., Stoker, Thomas M., Berndt, Ernst R.

“…This paper develops new techniques to assess the expanse of the geographic market under varying supply and demand conditions and applies these techniques to the current wholesale electricity market in the western United States. This paper finds that, by and large, the expanse of the geographic market extends across most of the western United States, but that conditions which create congestion along transmission lines, such as high hydroelectric flows in the Pacific Northwest, transmission line outages and deratings, and high demand for wholesale electricity, cause the expanse of the geographic market to narrow at certain times.…”
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Effects of Climate Change on Natural-Caused Fire Activity in Western U.S. National Forests by Hadi Heidari, Mazdak Arabi, Travis Warziniack

“…Increasing natural-caused fires throughout western United States national forests could place people, property, and infrastructure at risk in the future. …”
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MR / by 459681 Brown, Tom J., Suter, Tracy A.

Western U.S. multistate research project on “water movement in soils”: A retrospective by Jan W. Hopmans, Timothy R. Green, Michael H. Young

“…To implement the act, Agricultural Experiment Station (AES) Directors in the western United States met regularly to evaluate, fund, and review multistate research projects (MRPs), with membership of AES scientists named by the Technical Committee. …”
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Redescription of Calyptosuchus (Stagonolepis) wellesi (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia: Aetosauria) from the Late Triassic of the Southwestern United States with a discussion of genera i... by William G. Parker

“…Calyptosuchus is one of the most common aetosaurians in the Western United States and an index taxon of the early Adamanian biozone. …”
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A Reply to Dr Caldararo by Seth Adam Hindin

“…In his reply to Niccolo Caldararo, the author highlights methodological and other differences between his two recent articles on the history of conservation in the western United States and Dr Caldararo’s response essay, while also suggesting possibilities for future research.…”
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A Novel Approach to Validate Satellite Snowfall Retrievals by Ground-Based Point Measurements by Hwayoung Jeoung, Shangyong Shi, Guosheng Liu

“…A novel method has been proposed for validating satellite radar snowfall retrievals using surface station observations over the western United States mountainous region, where the mean snowfall rate at a station depends on its elevation. …”
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Habitat selection by a predator of rodent pests is resilient to wildfire in a vineyard agroecosystem by Allison E. Huysman, Matthew D. Johnson

“…These results are important for farmers who use nest boxes as a means of rodent control, which may be affected after dramatic disturbance events, especially as wildfires increase in the western United States.…”
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The effects of nutrients on stream invertebrates: a regional estimation by generalized propensity score by Zutao Ouyang, Song S. Qian, Richard Becker, Jiquan Chen

“…In this study, we estimated the causal effects of nutrients within the Western United States on invertebrate richness, an important biological indicator of stream conditions, by using observational data. …”
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Objective definition of discharge thresholds for post-fire debris flows by Tang Hui, McGuire Luke, Youberg Ann

“…Runoff-generated debris flows are a common post-fire hazard in the western United States and a growing number of regions around the world. …”
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Single and Multi-Date Landsat Classifications of Basalt to Support Soil Survey Efforts by Jessica J. Mitchell, Rupesh Shrestha, Carol A. Moore-Ellison, Nancy F. Glenn

“…Basalt outcrops are significant features in the Western United States and consistently present challenges to Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) soil mapping efforts. …”
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Cross Validation of GOES-16 and NOAA Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) QPE over the Continental United States by Luyao Sun, Haonan Chen, Zhe Li, Lei Han

“…The performance of GOES-16 QPE was downgraded over the western United States, in part due to the limitations of the GOES-16 rainfall retrieval algorithm over complex terrains, and in part because of the poor radar coverage analyzed by the MRMS system. …”
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Simulations reveal climate and legacy effects underlying regional beta diversity in alpine vegetation by George P. Malanson, Elizabeth R. Pansing, Riccardo Testolin, Riccardo Testolin, Borja Jiménez-Alfaro

“…Only SACEU correlations were sensitive to dispersal limitation.DiscussionThe southern and central European alpine areas are more isolated and with more distinct climates to which species are adapted. In the western United States and Canada, less isolation and more mixing of species from refugia has caused location to mask climate adaptation. …”
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Unmasking Athlete Microaggressions by Eddie Comeaux

“…The purpose of this study was to explore student-athletes’ (n = 122) perceptions of discriminatory acts by professors and other students at a large Division I university in the western United States. The majority of respondents reported either positive or neutral experiences with other campus community members, but a small number described instances where professors and other students questioned their intellectual abilities, academic motivation, or treatment by the university. …”
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Future exposure of forest ecosystems to multi‐year drought in the United States by Jennifer K. Costanza, Frank H. Koch, Matthew C. Reeves

“…Projections agreed that forests in portions of the western United States, especially the southwestern United States, could face high levels of exposure. …”
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