Les réseaux transsahariens de la traite de l’or et des esclaves au haut Moyen Âge : VIIIe-XIe siècle di Roger Botte

“...The trans-Saharan gold and slave trade developed between the eighth and eleventh centuries, under the leadership of Ibadi Berbers. Berbers set up a large “schismatic screen” by creating large commercial cities: such as Zawîla, Wârgla, Tâhert, Sijilmâsa etc. ...”
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AUTECOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF HANDAL (Citrullus coloynthsis L.) DESERT PLANT di Osman E. Mohammed, Abdel Rahman A. El-Mahdi

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Les manuscrits arabes et ajami au Cameroun: état des lieux et approche codicologique di Adama, H

“...The commonly used sûdânî style is close to to the calligraphic norms developed in Sudanic Africa. Both ink and pens were made from local materials. ...”