The Performance Analysis of Space Resection-Aided Pedestrian Dead Reckoning for Smartphone Navigation in a Mapped Indoor Environment by Kai-Wei Chiang, Jhen-Kai Liao, Shih-Huan Huang, Hsiu-Wen Chang, Chien-Hsun Chu

“…Unfortunately, due to its fundamental principles, even a small navigation error will amplify itself, step by step, generally leading to the need for supplementary resources to maintain navigation accuracy. …”
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A Hybrid CNN-LSTM-Based Approach for Pedestrian Dead Reckoning Using Multi-Sensor-Equipped Backpack by Feyissa Woyano, Sangjoon Park, Vladimirov Blagovest Iordanov, Soyeon Lee

“…Researchers in academics and companies working on location-based services (LBS) are paying close attention to indoor localization based on pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) because of its infrastructure-free localization method. …”
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Combining a Modified Particle Filter Method and Indoor Magnetic Fingerprint Map to Assist Pedestrian Dead Reckoning for Indoor Positioning and Navigation by Fang-Shii Ning, Yu-Chun Chen

“…Moreover, an acceleration sensor and a gyroscope were used to identify the position of a mobile phone and detect the number of steps travelled by users with the phone. This study designed a procedure for measuring the step length of users. …”
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Empirical Approaches for Improving Inertial Pedestrian Navigation: Approximating Gravitational Acceleration and Digitizing Heading Change Angles by Junseong Kim

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PENENTUAN POSISI PEJALAN KAKI DALAM RUANGAN PADA GEDUNG BERTINGKAT DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN PONSEL PINTAR BERBASIS METODE PEDESTRIAN DEAD RECKONING by , DANNI NOVANDRI SETIAWAN, , Widyawan, S.T., M.Sc., Ph.D.

“…The position can be determined by using the detection step, direction and position of the floor using data from accelerometer, magnetometer, and barometer sensor. …”

An Autonomous Waist-Mounted Pedestrian Dead Reckoning System by Coupling Low-Cost MEMS Inertial Sensors and GPS Receiver for 3D Urban Navigation by Jin-feng Li, Qing-hui Wang, Xiao-mei Liu

“…The step length is estimated using a simple linear relationship with the step frequency. …”
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Step Characterization using Sensor Information Fusion and Machine Learning by Ricardo Anacleto, Lino Figueiredo, Ana Almeida, Paulo Novais, António Meireles

“…In this work we present our results on using different machine learning algorithms which are used to characterize the step according to its direction and length. This characterization is then used to adapt the navigation algorithm according to the performed classifications.…”
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Adaptive Inertial Sensor-Based Step Length Estimation Model by Melanija Vezočnik, Matjaz B. Juric

“…Pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) using inertial sensors has paved the way for developing several approaches to step length estimation. …”
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Next steps in dismantling discrimination: Lessons from ecology and conservation science by Aadita Chaudhury, Sheila Colla

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Research on indoor positioning algorithm based on location fingerprint and PDR by Wu Yaqin, Yang Shuo, Shi Lanlan

“…To improve the indoor positioning accuracy, the methods of position fingerprint and pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) are used to study the indoor positioning algorithm.For position fingerprint algorithm, the fingerprint database is optimized through the offline data training phase, and the optimization of the nearest neighbor algorithm is carried out by limiting the region weighted value <i>K</i> through the online real-time matching phase.For PDR algorithm, the self-adaptation peak detection algorithm used for step frequency detection is proposed.The improved nonlinear model is used for step size estimation.Moreover, The gyroscope's information are fused to magnetometer's information in the heading estimation.Finally, the unscented Kalman filter is used to fuse the position fingerprint algorithm and PDR method, which improves the positioning accuracy and the practicability of the fusion algorithm is verified by the positioning system.…”
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Smartphone Location Recognition: A Deep Learning-Based Approach by Itzik Klein

“…One of the approaches for indoor positioning using smartphones is pedestrian dead reckoning. There, the user step length is estimated using empirical or biomechanical formulas. …”
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Position Tracking During Human Walking Using an Integrated Wearable Sensing System by Giulio Zizzo, Lei Ren

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Combination of Smartphone MEMS Sensors and Environmental Prior Information for Pedestrian Indoor Positioning by Lu Huang, Hongsheng Li, Baoguo Yu, Xingli Gan, Boyuan Wang, Yaning Li, Ruihui Zhu

“…First, this article reviews the current mainstream pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) optimization and improvement methods, and based on this, uses the micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor on a smartphone to achieve better step detection, stride length estimation, and heading estimation modules. …”
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A Novel Step Length Estimator Based on Foot-Mounted MEMS Sensors by Zhuangsheng Zhu, Shibo Wang

“…Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR)-based pedestrian navigation technology is an important part of indoor and outdoor seamless positioning services. …”
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Smartphone-Based Localization for Passengers Commuting in Traffic Hubs by Francisco Jurado Romero, Estefania Munoz Diaz, Dina Bousdar Ahmed

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Enhancing Positioning Accuracy in Urban Terrain by Fusing Data from a GPS Receiver, Inertial Sensors, Stereo-Camera and Digital Maps for Pedestrian Navigation by Pawel Strumillo, Przemyslaw Baranski

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GridiLoc: A Backtracking Grid Filter for Fusing the Grid Model with PDR Using Smartphone Sensors by Jianga Shang, Xuke Hu, Wen Cheng, Hongchao Fan

“…Although map filtering-aided Pedestrian Dead Reckoning (PDR) is capable of largely improving indoor localization accuracy, it becomes less efficient when coping with highly complex indoor spaces. …”
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Smartphone Heading Correction Based on Gravity Assisted and Middle Time Simulated-Zero Velocity Update Method by Qinghua Zeng, Shijie Zeng, Jianye Liu, Qian Meng, Ruizhi Chen, Heze Huang

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Colonialism, Context and Critical Thinking: First steps toward decolonizing the Dutch legal curriculum by Alison Fischer

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Inertial Sensor-Based Step Length Estimation Model by Means of Principal Component Analysis by Melanija Vezočnik, Roman Kamnik, Matjaz B. Juric

“…Inertial sensor-based step length estimation has become increasingly important with the emergence of pedestrian-dead-reckoning-based (PDR-based) indoor positioning. …”
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