TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking
This paper proposed two evaluation metrics of the tamper coincidence in a block map design for image watermarking. These evaluation metrics are called Tamper Coincidence Block Ratio (TCBR) and Tamper Coincidence Block Density (TCBD). A tamper coincidence occurred in image authentication and self-rec...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier Ltd
2024
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| Online Access: | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42289/1/TCBR%20and%20TCBD_Evaluation%20metrics%20for%20tamper%20coincidence%20problem.pdf |
| _version_ | 1825815851451809792 |
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| author | Afrig, Aminuddin Ferda, Ernawan Eh Phon, Danakorn Nincarean Agit, Amrullah Dhani, Ariatmanto |
| author_facet | Afrig, Aminuddin Ferda, Ernawan Eh Phon, Danakorn Nincarean Agit, Amrullah Dhani, Ariatmanto |
| author_sort | Afrig, Aminuddin |
| collection | UMP |
| description | This paper proposed two evaluation metrics of the tamper coincidence in a block map design for image watermarking. These evaluation metrics are called Tamper Coincidence Block Ratio (TCBR) and Tamper Coincidence Block Density (TCBD). A tamper coincidence occurred in image authentication and self-recovery when the recovery data and the original block location were tampered with simultaneously. A high tamper coincidence limits image inpainting’s capability to recover the region, leading to an imprecise recovered image. The ratio and density of the tamper coincidence may significantly affect the final recovered image quality. Previously, researchers mentioned the tamper coincidence in their experiment but did not evaluate it with any metrics. They evaluated the robustness of their technique based on the final recovered image quality using the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM). Tamper coincidences are primarily affected by the block map design implemented by the researcher. Thus, TCBR and TCBD provide valuable insight into the block map design’s effectiveness in preventing tamper coincidence. The experimental result shows that the TCBR and TCBD values are inversely proportional to the recovered image quality. A high TCBR and TCBD value leads to low recovered image quality. Therefore, this paper will help the researchers design an effective block map by minimizing the TCBR and TCBD values to obtain the highest recovered image quality. |
| first_indexed | 2024-09-25T03:52:26Z |
| format | Article |
| id | UMPir42289 |
| institution | Universiti Malaysia Pahang |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-09-25T03:52:26Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Elsevier Ltd |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | UMPir422892024-08-09T07:19:07Z http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42289/ TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking Afrig, Aminuddin Ferda, Ernawan Eh Phon, Danakorn Nincarean Agit, Amrullah Dhani, Ariatmanto QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science QA76 Computer software This paper proposed two evaluation metrics of the tamper coincidence in a block map design for image watermarking. These evaluation metrics are called Tamper Coincidence Block Ratio (TCBR) and Tamper Coincidence Block Density (TCBD). A tamper coincidence occurred in image authentication and self-recovery when the recovery data and the original block location were tampered with simultaneously. A high tamper coincidence limits image inpainting’s capability to recover the region, leading to an imprecise recovered image. The ratio and density of the tamper coincidence may significantly affect the final recovered image quality. Previously, researchers mentioned the tamper coincidence in their experiment but did not evaluate it with any metrics. They evaluated the robustness of their technique based on the final recovered image quality using the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM). Tamper coincidences are primarily affected by the block map design implemented by the researcher. Thus, TCBR and TCBD provide valuable insight into the block map design’s effectiveness in preventing tamper coincidence. The experimental result shows that the TCBR and TCBD values are inversely proportional to the recovered image quality. A high TCBR and TCBD value leads to low recovered image quality. Therefore, this paper will help the researchers design an effective block map by minimizing the TCBR and TCBD values to obtain the highest recovered image quality. Elsevier Ltd 2024-08 Article PeerReviewed pdf en cc_by_nc_nd_4 http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42289/1/TCBR%20and%20TCBD_Evaluation%20metrics%20for%20tamper%20coincidence%20problem.pdf Afrig, Aminuddin and Ferda, Ernawan and Eh Phon, Danakorn Nincarean and Agit, Amrullah and Dhani, Ariatmanto (2024) TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 56 (101790). pp. 1-12. ISSN 2215-0986. (Published) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101790 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2024.101790 |
| spellingShingle | QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science QA76 Computer software Afrig, Aminuddin Ferda, Ernawan Eh Phon, Danakorn Nincarean Agit, Amrullah Dhani, Ariatmanto TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking |
| title | TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking |
| title_full | TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking |
| title_fullStr | TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking |
| title_full_unstemmed | TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking |
| title_short | TCBR and TCBD: Evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking |
| title_sort | tcbr and tcbd evaluation metrics for tamper coincidence problem in fragile image watermarking |
| topic | QA75 Electronic computers. Computer science QA76 Computer software |
| url | http://umpir.ump.edu.my/id/eprint/42289/1/TCBR%20and%20TCBD_Evaluation%20metrics%20for%20tamper%20coincidence%20problem.pdf |
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