Mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of mammalian and avian dosage compensation.
As a result of sex chromosome differentiation from ancestral autosomes, male mammalian cells only contain one X chromosome. It has long been hypothesized that X-linked gene expression levels have become doubled in males to restore the original transcriptional output, and that the resulting X overexp...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2012-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS Biology |
| Online Access: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22615540/?tool=EBI |
| _version_ | 1818343048184070144 |
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| author | Philippe Julien David Brawand Magali Soumillon Anamaria Necsulea Angélica Liechti Frédéric Schütz Tasman Daish Frank Grützner Henrik Kaessmann |
| author_facet | Philippe Julien David Brawand Magali Soumillon Anamaria Necsulea Angélica Liechti Frédéric Schütz Tasman Daish Frank Grützner Henrik Kaessmann |
| author_sort | Philippe Julien |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As a result of sex chromosome differentiation from ancestral autosomes, male mammalian cells only contain one X chromosome. It has long been hypothesized that X-linked gene expression levels have become doubled in males to restore the original transcriptional output, and that the resulting X overexpression in females then drove the evolution of X inactivation (XCI). However, this model has never been directly tested and patterns and mechanisms of dosage compensation across different mammals and birds generally remain little understood. Here we trace the evolution of dosage compensation using extensive transcriptome data from males and females representing all major mammalian lineages and birds. Our analyses suggest that the X has become globally upregulated in marsupials, whereas we do not detect a global upregulation of this chromosome in placental mammals. However, we find that a subset of autosomal genes interacting with X-linked genes have become downregulated in placentals upon the emergence of sex chromosomes. Thus, different driving forces may underlie the evolution of XCI and the highly efficient equilibration of X expression levels between the sexes observed for both of these lineages. In the egg-laying monotremes and birds, which have partially homologous sex chromosome systems, partial upregulation of the X (Z in birds) evolved but is largely restricted to the heterogametic sex, which provides an explanation for the partially sex-biased X (Z) expression and lack of global inactivation mechanisms in these lineages. Our findings suggest that dosage reductions imposed by sex chromosome differentiation events in amniotes were resolved in strikingly different ways. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-13T16:24:23Z |
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| id | doaj.art-007f994e7b2f422da2a2f5367fe104bc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1544-9173 1545-7885 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-13T16:24:23Z |
| publishDate | 2012-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS Biology |
| spelling | doaj.art-007f994e7b2f422da2a2f5367fe104bc2022-12-21T23:38:38ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS Biology1544-91731545-78852012-01-01105e100132810.1371/journal.pbio.1001328Mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of mammalian and avian dosage compensation.Philippe JulienDavid BrawandMagali SoumillonAnamaria NecsuleaAngélica LiechtiFrédéric SchützTasman DaishFrank GrütznerHenrik KaessmannAs a result of sex chromosome differentiation from ancestral autosomes, male mammalian cells only contain one X chromosome. It has long been hypothesized that X-linked gene expression levels have become doubled in males to restore the original transcriptional output, and that the resulting X overexpression in females then drove the evolution of X inactivation (XCI). However, this model has never been directly tested and patterns and mechanisms of dosage compensation across different mammals and birds generally remain little understood. Here we trace the evolution of dosage compensation using extensive transcriptome data from males and females representing all major mammalian lineages and birds. Our analyses suggest that the X has become globally upregulated in marsupials, whereas we do not detect a global upregulation of this chromosome in placental mammals. However, we find that a subset of autosomal genes interacting with X-linked genes have become downregulated in placentals upon the emergence of sex chromosomes. Thus, different driving forces may underlie the evolution of XCI and the highly efficient equilibration of X expression levels between the sexes observed for both of these lineages. In the egg-laying monotremes and birds, which have partially homologous sex chromosome systems, partial upregulation of the X (Z in birds) evolved but is largely restricted to the heterogametic sex, which provides an explanation for the partially sex-biased X (Z) expression and lack of global inactivation mechanisms in these lineages. Our findings suggest that dosage reductions imposed by sex chromosome differentiation events in amniotes were resolved in strikingly different ways.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22615540/?tool=EBI |
| spellingShingle | Philippe Julien David Brawand Magali Soumillon Anamaria Necsulea Angélica Liechti Frédéric Schütz Tasman Daish Frank Grützner Henrik Kaessmann Mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of mammalian and avian dosage compensation. PLoS Biology |
| title | Mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of mammalian and avian dosage compensation. |
| title_full | Mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of mammalian and avian dosage compensation. |
| title_fullStr | Mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of mammalian and avian dosage compensation. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of mammalian and avian dosage compensation. |
| title_short | Mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of mammalian and avian dosage compensation. |
| title_sort | mechanisms and evolutionary patterns of mammalian and avian dosage compensation |
| url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/22615540/?tool=EBI |
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