Characterization of the Volatile Compounds in <i>Camellia oleifera</i> Seed Oil from Different Geographic Origins
Volatile flavor of edible oils is an important quality index and factor affecting consumer choice. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize virgin <i>Camellia oleifera</i> seed oil (VCO) samples from different locations in southern China in terms of their volatile compounds...
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MDPI AG
2022-01-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/1/308 |
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| author | Jing Wang Xuxiao Tang Qiulu Chu Mengyu Zhang Yingzhong Zhang Baohua Xu |
| author_facet | Jing Wang Xuxiao Tang Qiulu Chu Mengyu Zhang Yingzhong Zhang Baohua Xu |
| author_sort | Jing Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Volatile flavor of edible oils is an important quality index and factor affecting consumer choice. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize virgin <i>Camellia oleifera</i> seed oil (VCO) samples from different locations in southern China in terms of their volatile compounds to show the classification of VCO with respect to geography. Different samples from 20 producing VCO regions were collected in 2020 growing season, at almost the same maturity stage, and processed under the same conditions. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with a gas chromatography–mass spectrometer system (GC–MS) was used to analyze volatile compounds. A total of 348 volatiles were characterized, including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids, esters, alkenes, alkanes, furans, phenols, and benzene; the relative contents ranged from 7.80–58.68%, 1.73–12.52%, 2.91–37.07%, 2.73–46.50%, 0.99–12.01%, 0.40–14.95%, 0.00–27.23%, 0.00–3.75%, 0.00–7.34%, and 0.00–1.55%, respectively. The VCO geographical origins with the largest number of volatile compounds was Xixiangtang of Guangxi (L17), and the least was Beireng of Hainan (L19). A total of 23 common and 98 unique volatile compounds were detected that reflected the basic and characteristic flavor of VCO, respectively. After PCA, heatmap and PLS-DA analysis, Longchuan of Guangdong (L8), Qingshanhu of Jiangxi (L16), and Panlong of Yunnan (L20) were in one group where the annual average temperatures are relatively low, where annual rainfalls are also low. Guangning of Guangdong (L6), Yunan of Guangdong (L7), Xingning of Guangdong (L9), Tianhe of Guangdong (L10), Xuwen of Guangdong (L11), and Xiuying of Hainan (L18) were in another group where the annual average temperatures are relatively high, and the altitudes are low. Hence, volatile compound distributions confirmed the differences among the VCO samples from these geographical areas, and the provenance difference evaluation can be carried out by flavor. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:29:31Z |
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| id | doaj.art-00fb3a98e1374665b3a9f68f04f4d27b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:29:31Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-00fb3a98e1374665b3a9f68f04f4d27b2023-11-23T11:59:43ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-01-0127130810.3390/molecules27010308Characterization of the Volatile Compounds in <i>Camellia oleifera</i> Seed Oil from Different Geographic OriginsJing Wang0Xuxiao Tang1Qiulu Chu2Mengyu Zhang3Yingzhong Zhang4Baohua Xu5Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, ChinaJiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, ChinaGuangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, ChinaVolatile flavor of edible oils is an important quality index and factor affecting consumer choice. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize virgin <i>Camellia oleifera</i> seed oil (VCO) samples from different locations in southern China in terms of their volatile compounds to show the classification of VCO with respect to geography. Different samples from 20 producing VCO regions were collected in 2020 growing season, at almost the same maturity stage, and processed under the same conditions. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with a gas chromatography–mass spectrometer system (GC–MS) was used to analyze volatile compounds. A total of 348 volatiles were characterized, including aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, acids, esters, alkenes, alkanes, furans, phenols, and benzene; the relative contents ranged from 7.80–58.68%, 1.73–12.52%, 2.91–37.07%, 2.73–46.50%, 0.99–12.01%, 0.40–14.95%, 0.00–27.23%, 0.00–3.75%, 0.00–7.34%, and 0.00–1.55%, respectively. The VCO geographical origins with the largest number of volatile compounds was Xixiangtang of Guangxi (L17), and the least was Beireng of Hainan (L19). A total of 23 common and 98 unique volatile compounds were detected that reflected the basic and characteristic flavor of VCO, respectively. After PCA, heatmap and PLS-DA analysis, Longchuan of Guangdong (L8), Qingshanhu of Jiangxi (L16), and Panlong of Yunnan (L20) were in one group where the annual average temperatures are relatively low, where annual rainfalls are also low. Guangning of Guangdong (L6), Yunan of Guangdong (L7), Xingning of Guangdong (L9), Tianhe of Guangdong (L10), Xuwen of Guangdong (L11), and Xiuying of Hainan (L18) were in another group where the annual average temperatures are relatively high, and the altitudes are low. Hence, volatile compound distributions confirmed the differences among the VCO samples from these geographical areas, and the provenance difference evaluation can be carried out by flavor.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/1/308<i>Camellia oleifera</i> seed oilgeographical classificationHS-SPME/GC–MSvolatile compounds |
| spellingShingle | Jing Wang Xuxiao Tang Qiulu Chu Mengyu Zhang Yingzhong Zhang Baohua Xu Characterization of the Volatile Compounds in <i>Camellia oleifera</i> Seed Oil from Different Geographic Origins Molecules <i>Camellia oleifera</i> seed oil geographical classification HS-SPME/GC–MS volatile compounds |
| title | Characterization of the Volatile Compounds in <i>Camellia oleifera</i> Seed Oil from Different Geographic Origins |
| title_full | Characterization of the Volatile Compounds in <i>Camellia oleifera</i> Seed Oil from Different Geographic Origins |
| title_fullStr | Characterization of the Volatile Compounds in <i>Camellia oleifera</i> Seed Oil from Different Geographic Origins |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characterization of the Volatile Compounds in <i>Camellia oleifera</i> Seed Oil from Different Geographic Origins |
| title_short | Characterization of the Volatile Compounds in <i>Camellia oleifera</i> Seed Oil from Different Geographic Origins |
| title_sort | characterization of the volatile compounds in i camellia oleifera i seed oil from different geographic origins |
| topic | <i>Camellia oleifera</i> seed oil geographical classification HS-SPME/GC–MS volatile compounds |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/1/308 |
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