The Happy Hopping of Transposons: The Origins of V(D)J Recombination in Adaptive Immunity
Nearly 50% of the human genome is derived from transposable elements (TEs). Though dysregulated transposons are deleterious to humans and can lead to diseases, co-opted transposons play an important role in generating alternative or new DNA sequence combinations to perform novel cellular functions....
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-05-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.836066/full |
| _version_ | 1811239746449440768 |
|---|---|
| author | Rishi V. Shridharan Neha Kalakuntla Narendra Chirmule Bhavana Tiwari |
| author_facet | Rishi V. Shridharan Neha Kalakuntla Narendra Chirmule Bhavana Tiwari |
| author_sort | Rishi V. Shridharan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nearly 50% of the human genome is derived from transposable elements (TEs). Though dysregulated transposons are deleterious to humans and can lead to diseases, co-opted transposons play an important role in generating alternative or new DNA sequence combinations to perform novel cellular functions. The appearance of an adaptive immune system in jawed vertebrates, wherein the somatic rearrangement of T and B cells generates a repertoire of antibodies and receptors, is underpinned by Class II TEs. This review follows the evolution of recombination activation genes (RAGs), components of adaptive immunity, from TEs, focusing on the structural and mechanistic similarities between RAG recombinases and DNA transposases. As evolution occurred from a transposon precursor, DNA transposases developed a more targeted and constrained mechanism of mobilization. As DNA repair is integral to transposition and recombination, we note key similarities and differences in the choice of DNA repair pathways following these processes. Understanding the regulation of V(D)J recombination from its evolutionary origins may help future research to specifically target RAG proteins to rectify diseases associated with immune dysregulation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T13:06:34Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-05b515efe9fb4137964d5dbfa0a7abdc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-701X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T13:06:34Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |
| spelling | doaj.art-05b515efe9fb4137964d5dbfa0a7abdc2022-12-22T03:31:59ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution2296-701X2022-05-011010.3389/fevo.2022.836066836066The Happy Hopping of Transposons: The Origins of V(D)J Recombination in Adaptive ImmunityRishi V. Shridharan0Neha Kalakuntla1Narendra Chirmule2Bhavana Tiwari3Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United StatesDepartment of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United StatesSymphonytech Biologics, Philadelphia, PA, United StatesIndian Institute of Science Education and Research, Berhampur, IndiaNearly 50% of the human genome is derived from transposable elements (TEs). Though dysregulated transposons are deleterious to humans and can lead to diseases, co-opted transposons play an important role in generating alternative or new DNA sequence combinations to perform novel cellular functions. The appearance of an adaptive immune system in jawed vertebrates, wherein the somatic rearrangement of T and B cells generates a repertoire of antibodies and receptors, is underpinned by Class II TEs. This review follows the evolution of recombination activation genes (RAGs), components of adaptive immunity, from TEs, focusing on the structural and mechanistic similarities between RAG recombinases and DNA transposases. As evolution occurred from a transposon precursor, DNA transposases developed a more targeted and constrained mechanism of mobilization. As DNA repair is integral to transposition and recombination, we note key similarities and differences in the choice of DNA repair pathways following these processes. Understanding the regulation of V(D)J recombination from its evolutionary origins may help future research to specifically target RAG proteins to rectify diseases associated with immune dysregulation.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.836066/fulltransposable elementsV(D)J recombinationadaptive immunityRAG recombinaseDNA transposons |
| spellingShingle | Rishi V. Shridharan Neha Kalakuntla Narendra Chirmule Bhavana Tiwari The Happy Hopping of Transposons: The Origins of V(D)J Recombination in Adaptive Immunity Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution transposable elements V(D)J recombination adaptive immunity RAG recombinase DNA transposons |
| title | The Happy Hopping of Transposons: The Origins of V(D)J Recombination in Adaptive Immunity |
| title_full | The Happy Hopping of Transposons: The Origins of V(D)J Recombination in Adaptive Immunity |
| title_fullStr | The Happy Hopping of Transposons: The Origins of V(D)J Recombination in Adaptive Immunity |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Happy Hopping of Transposons: The Origins of V(D)J Recombination in Adaptive Immunity |
| title_short | The Happy Hopping of Transposons: The Origins of V(D)J Recombination in Adaptive Immunity |
| title_sort | happy hopping of transposons the origins of v d j recombination in adaptive immunity |
| topic | transposable elements V(D)J recombination adaptive immunity RAG recombinase DNA transposons |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2022.836066/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rishivshridharan thehappyhoppingoftransposonstheoriginsofvdjrecombinationinadaptiveimmunity AT nehakalakuntla thehappyhoppingoftransposonstheoriginsofvdjrecombinationinadaptiveimmunity AT narendrachirmule thehappyhoppingoftransposonstheoriginsofvdjrecombinationinadaptiveimmunity AT bhavanatiwari thehappyhoppingoftransposonstheoriginsofvdjrecombinationinadaptiveimmunity AT rishivshridharan happyhoppingoftransposonstheoriginsofvdjrecombinationinadaptiveimmunity AT nehakalakuntla happyhoppingoftransposonstheoriginsofvdjrecombinationinadaptiveimmunity AT narendrachirmule happyhoppingoftransposonstheoriginsofvdjrecombinationinadaptiveimmunity AT bhavanatiwari happyhoppingoftransposonstheoriginsofvdjrecombinationinadaptiveimmunity |