Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008–2021
A voluntary upper respiratory biosurveillance program in the USA received 9740 nasal swab submissions during the years 2008–2021 from 333 veterinarians and veterinary clinics. The nasal swabs were submitted for qPCR testing for six common upper respiratory pathogens:equine influenza virus (EIV), equ...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/2/192 |
| _version_ | 1827756038582960128 |
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| author | Duane E. Chappell D. Craig Barnett Kaitlyn James Bryant Craig Fairfield Bain Earl Gaughan Chrissie Schneider Wendy Vaala Samantha M. Barnum Nicola Pusterla |
| author_facet | Duane E. Chappell D. Craig Barnett Kaitlyn James Bryant Craig Fairfield Bain Earl Gaughan Chrissie Schneider Wendy Vaala Samantha M. Barnum Nicola Pusterla |
| author_sort | Duane E. Chappell |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A voluntary upper respiratory biosurveillance program in the USA received 9740 nasal swab submissions during the years 2008–2021 from 333 veterinarians and veterinary clinics. The nasal swabs were submitted for qPCR testing for six common upper respiratory pathogens:equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), equine herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4), <i>Streptococcus equi</i> subspecies <i>equi</i> (<i>S. equi</i>), equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), and equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV). Additional testing was performed for equine gamma herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2) and equine gamma herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5) and the results are reported. Basic frequency statistics and multivariate logistic regression models were utilized to determine the associations between risk factors and EIV positivity. The EIV qPCR-positivity rate was 9.9%. Equids less than 9 years of age with a recent history of travel and seasonal occurrence in winter and spring were the most common population that were qPCR positive for EIV. This ongoing biosurveillance program emphasizes the need for molecular testing for pathogen identification, which is critical for decisions associated with therapeutics and biosecurity intervention for health management and vaccine evaluations and development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:18:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0683e40ab55b4559971b8dd8b449774d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:18:32Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-0683e40ab55b4559971b8dd8b449774d2023-11-16T22:33:17ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-01-0112219210.3390/pathogens12020192Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008–2021Duane E. Chappell0D. Craig Barnett1Kaitlyn James2Bryant Craig3Fairfield Bain4Earl Gaughan5Chrissie Schneider6Wendy Vaala7Samantha M. Barnum8Nicola Pusterla9Merck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USAMerck Animal Health, Madison, NJ 07940, USADepartment of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USADepartment of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USAA voluntary upper respiratory biosurveillance program in the USA received 9740 nasal swab submissions during the years 2008–2021 from 333 veterinarians and veterinary clinics. The nasal swabs were submitted for qPCR testing for six common upper respiratory pathogens:equine influenza virus (EIV), equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1), equine herpesvirus-4 (EHV-4), <i>Streptococcus equi</i> subspecies <i>equi</i> (<i>S. equi</i>), equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), and equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV). Additional testing was performed for equine gamma herpesvirus-2 (EHV-2) and equine gamma herpesvirus-5 (EHV-5) and the results are reported. Basic frequency statistics and multivariate logistic regression models were utilized to determine the associations between risk factors and EIV positivity. The EIV qPCR-positivity rate was 9.9%. Equids less than 9 years of age with a recent history of travel and seasonal occurrence in winter and spring were the most common population that were qPCR positive for EIV. This ongoing biosurveillance program emphasizes the need for molecular testing for pathogen identification, which is critical for decisions associated with therapeutics and biosecurity intervention for health management and vaccine evaluations and development.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/2/192equine influenza virusupper respiratory tract infectionqPCRequidsviruses and bacteriaprevalence factors |
| spellingShingle | Duane E. Chappell D. Craig Barnett Kaitlyn James Bryant Craig Fairfield Bain Earl Gaughan Chrissie Schneider Wendy Vaala Samantha M. Barnum Nicola Pusterla Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008–2021 Pathogens equine influenza virus upper respiratory tract infection qPCR equids viruses and bacteria prevalence factors |
| title | Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008–2021 |
| title_full | Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008–2021 |
| title_fullStr | Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008–2021 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008–2021 |
| title_short | Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008–2021 |
| title_sort | voluntary surveillance program for equine influenza virus in the united states during 2008 2021 |
| topic | equine influenza virus upper respiratory tract infection qPCR equids viruses and bacteria prevalence factors |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/2/192 |
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