Chemical Characterization and Impact of Nipple Fruit (<i>Solanum mammosum</i>) on the Characteristics of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> LA K
Nipple fruit (<i>Solanum mammosum</i>) has been considered to have great pharmaceutical potential because of its high amounts of solamargine and solasonine. This study aimed to examine the effect of nipple fruit at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 2% (<i>w</i>/<i>...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-07-01
|
| Series: | Fermentation |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/9/8/715 |
| _version_ | 1797584808466972672 |
|---|---|
| author | Ricardo S. Aleman Dany Avila Allan Avila Jack N. Losso David Picha Zhimin Xu Kayanush Aryana |
| author_facet | Ricardo S. Aleman Dany Avila Allan Avila Jack N. Losso David Picha Zhimin Xu Kayanush Aryana |
| author_sort | Ricardo S. Aleman |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nipple fruit (<i>Solanum mammosum</i>) has been considered to have great pharmaceutical potential because of its high amounts of solamargine and solasonine. This study aimed to examine the effect of nipple fruit at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 2% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>)) on the viability, acid, bile, lysozyme, and gastric juice tolerance, and protease activity of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> LA K. The viability was studied in MRS broth. Acid tolerance was determined by adjusting the pH to 2, whereas bile tolerance was examined with oxgall 0.3% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) in MRS broth. Lysozyme resistance was investigated in an electrolyte solution with lysozyme (100 mg/L), while gastric juice tolerance was analyzed with pepsin and NaCl. Protease activity was determined spectrophotometrically at 340 nm in skim milk with o-phthaldialdehyde reagent. <i>L. acidophilus</i> LA K was incubated anaerobically (37 °C). Microbial growth was determined every 2 h for 10 h of incubation. Acid tolerance was determined at 0, 5, and 15 min, whereas bile tolerance was analyzed at 0, 4, and 8 h of incubation. Lysozyme tolerance was determined at 0, 1, and 2 h of incubation, while gastric juice tolerance was determined at pH 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7. Protease activity was evaluated at 0, 12, and 24 h incubation. Nipple fruit’s chemical and bioactive compounds were also examined to discuss their impact on the survival of <i>L. acidophilus</i> LA K. Nipple fruit did not affect microbial growth, bile, and acid tolerance. Nipple fruit at 2% had higher survivability on the simulated gastric juice and lysozyme resistance and increased protease activity. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:56:54Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-0bcffe0938024f7e8180c74af9ac516b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-5637 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T23:56:54Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Fermentation |
| spelling | doaj.art-0bcffe0938024f7e8180c74af9ac516b2023-11-19T01:01:24ZengMDPI AGFermentation2311-56372023-07-019871510.3390/fermentation9080715Chemical Characterization and Impact of Nipple Fruit (<i>Solanum mammosum</i>) on the Characteristics of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> LA KRicardo S. Aleman0Dany Avila1Allan Avila2Jack N. Losso3David Picha4Zhimin Xu5Kayanush Aryana6School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USAFaculty of Technological Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Agricultura Road to Dulce Nombre de Culmí, Km 215, Barrio El Espino, Catacamas 16201, HondurasFaculty of Technological Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Agricultura Road to Dulce Nombre de Culmí, Km 215, Barrio El Espino, Catacamas 16201, HondurasSchool of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USASchool of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USASchool of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USASchool of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USANipple fruit (<i>Solanum mammosum</i>) has been considered to have great pharmaceutical potential because of its high amounts of solamargine and solasonine. This study aimed to examine the effect of nipple fruit at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 2% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>)) on the viability, acid, bile, lysozyme, and gastric juice tolerance, and protease activity of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> LA K. The viability was studied in MRS broth. Acid tolerance was determined by adjusting the pH to 2, whereas bile tolerance was examined with oxgall 0.3% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) in MRS broth. Lysozyme resistance was investigated in an electrolyte solution with lysozyme (100 mg/L), while gastric juice tolerance was analyzed with pepsin and NaCl. Protease activity was determined spectrophotometrically at 340 nm in skim milk with o-phthaldialdehyde reagent. <i>L. acidophilus</i> LA K was incubated anaerobically (37 °C). Microbial growth was determined every 2 h for 10 h of incubation. Acid tolerance was determined at 0, 5, and 15 min, whereas bile tolerance was analyzed at 0, 4, and 8 h of incubation. Lysozyme tolerance was determined at 0, 1, and 2 h of incubation, while gastric juice tolerance was determined at pH 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7. Protease activity was evaluated at 0, 12, and 24 h incubation. Nipple fruit’s chemical and bioactive compounds were also examined to discuss their impact on the survival of <i>L. acidophilus</i> LA K. Nipple fruit did not affect microbial growth, bile, and acid tolerance. Nipple fruit at 2% had higher survivability on the simulated gastric juice and lysozyme resistance and increased protease activity.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/9/8/715<i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i>nipple fruitprotease activitylysozymegastric juices |
| spellingShingle | Ricardo S. Aleman Dany Avila Allan Avila Jack N. Losso David Picha Zhimin Xu Kayanush Aryana Chemical Characterization and Impact of Nipple Fruit (<i>Solanum mammosum</i>) on the Characteristics of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> LA K Fermentation <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> nipple fruit protease activity lysozyme gastric juices |
| title | Chemical Characterization and Impact of Nipple Fruit (<i>Solanum mammosum</i>) on the Characteristics of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> LA K |
| title_full | Chemical Characterization and Impact of Nipple Fruit (<i>Solanum mammosum</i>) on the Characteristics of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> LA K |
| title_fullStr | Chemical Characterization and Impact of Nipple Fruit (<i>Solanum mammosum</i>) on the Characteristics of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> LA K |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical Characterization and Impact of Nipple Fruit (<i>Solanum mammosum</i>) on the Characteristics of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> LA K |
| title_short | Chemical Characterization and Impact of Nipple Fruit (<i>Solanum mammosum</i>) on the Characteristics of <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> LA K |
| title_sort | chemical characterization and impact of nipple fruit i solanum mammosum i on the characteristics of i lactobacillus acidophilus i la k |
| topic | <i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i> nipple fruit protease activity lysozyme gastric juices |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/9/8/715 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ricardosaleman chemicalcharacterizationandimpactofnipplefruitisolanummammosumionthecharacteristicsofilactobacillusacidophilusilak AT danyavila chemicalcharacterizationandimpactofnipplefruitisolanummammosumionthecharacteristicsofilactobacillusacidophilusilak AT allanavila chemicalcharacterizationandimpactofnipplefruitisolanummammosumionthecharacteristicsofilactobacillusacidophilusilak AT jacknlosso chemicalcharacterizationandimpactofnipplefruitisolanummammosumionthecharacteristicsofilactobacillusacidophilusilak AT davidpicha chemicalcharacterizationandimpactofnipplefruitisolanummammosumionthecharacteristicsofilactobacillusacidophilusilak AT zhiminxu chemicalcharacterizationandimpactofnipplefruitisolanummammosumionthecharacteristicsofilactobacillusacidophilusilak AT kayanusharyana chemicalcharacterizationandimpactofnipplefruitisolanummammosumionthecharacteristicsofilactobacillusacidophilusilak |