The effects of thermal annealing on the performance of material extrusion 3D printed polymer parts
This article presents the effects of thermal annealing at elevated temperatures (> glass transition temperature Tg) on the performance of polymer parts via material extrusion 3D printing. Both semi-crystalline and amorphous filaments were used. As-printed parts were designed to be amorphous and t...
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2023-02-01
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Series: | Materials & Design |
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Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127523001028 |
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author | Wangwang Yu Xinzhou Wang Xinshun Yin Eleonora Ferraris Jie Zhang |
author_facet | Wangwang Yu Xinzhou Wang Xinshun Yin Eleonora Ferraris Jie Zhang |
author_sort | Wangwang Yu |
collection | DOAJ |
description | This article presents the effects of thermal annealing at elevated temperatures (> glass transition temperature Tg) on the performance of polymer parts via material extrusion 3D printing. Both semi-crystalline and amorphous filaments were used. As-printed parts were designed to be amorphous and then annealed at 60, 110 and 150 °C for different durations ranging from 50 to 6400 s. The flexural strength and Young’s modulus increased by a maximum of approximately 10%. The increase was ascribed to crystallisation development during annealing, as confirmed by thermal and morphology characterisations. Hence, this effect was only observed with semi-crystalline materials. On the other hand, all the annealed parts expanded in the thickness direction and shrank in the perpendicular plane. The maximum linear strain reached 20%, while the volume strain was negligible. These morphology changes after annealing reversed the strain-hardening of the strand and led to inferior strand performance against local tensile deformation. The degradation can outweigh the benefits of crystallinity development. For amorphous parts, the degradation reached approximately 25% in both the flexural strength and the modulus. |
first_indexed | 2024-04-10T05:24:23Z |
format | Article |
id | doaj.art-18c3096cf04d4cc296b06363f49796e4 |
institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 0264-1275 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-04-10T05:24:23Z |
publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
publisher | Elsevier |
record_format | Article |
series | Materials & Design |
spelling | doaj.art-18c3096cf04d4cc296b06363f49796e42023-03-08T04:13:52ZengElsevierMaterials & Design0264-12752023-02-01226111687The effects of thermal annealing on the performance of material extrusion 3D printed polymer partsWangwang Yu0Xinzhou Wang1Xinshun Yin2Eleonora Ferraris3Jie Zhang4School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, ChinaJiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Corresponding authors at: No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China (X. Wang). KU Leuven Campus De Nayer, Jan De Nayerlaan 5, Sint-Katelijne-Waver 2860, Belgium (J. Zhang).Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, ChinaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, BelgiumDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; Corresponding authors at: No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China (X. Wang). KU Leuven Campus De Nayer, Jan De Nayerlaan 5, Sint-Katelijne-Waver 2860, Belgium (J. Zhang).This article presents the effects of thermal annealing at elevated temperatures (> glass transition temperature Tg) on the performance of polymer parts via material extrusion 3D printing. Both semi-crystalline and amorphous filaments were used. As-printed parts were designed to be amorphous and then annealed at 60, 110 and 150 °C for different durations ranging from 50 to 6400 s. The flexural strength and Young’s modulus increased by a maximum of approximately 10%. The increase was ascribed to crystallisation development during annealing, as confirmed by thermal and morphology characterisations. Hence, this effect was only observed with semi-crystalline materials. On the other hand, all the annealed parts expanded in the thickness direction and shrank in the perpendicular plane. The maximum linear strain reached 20%, while the volume strain was negligible. These morphology changes after annealing reversed the strain-hardening of the strand and led to inferior strand performance against local tensile deformation. The degradation can outweigh the benefits of crystallinity development. For amorphous parts, the degradation reached approximately 25% in both the flexural strength and the modulus.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127523001028AnnealingCrystallinityFlexural propertiesMaterial extrusionRelaxationStrain-hardening |
spellingShingle | Wangwang Yu Xinzhou Wang Xinshun Yin Eleonora Ferraris Jie Zhang The effects of thermal annealing on the performance of material extrusion 3D printed polymer parts Materials & Design Annealing Crystallinity Flexural properties Material extrusion Relaxation Strain-hardening |
title | The effects of thermal annealing on the performance of material extrusion 3D printed polymer parts |
title_full | The effects of thermal annealing on the performance of material extrusion 3D printed polymer parts |
title_fullStr | The effects of thermal annealing on the performance of material extrusion 3D printed polymer parts |
title_full_unstemmed | The effects of thermal annealing on the performance of material extrusion 3D printed polymer parts |
title_short | The effects of thermal annealing on the performance of material extrusion 3D printed polymer parts |
title_sort | effects of thermal annealing on the performance of material extrusion 3d printed polymer parts |
topic | Annealing Crystallinity Flexural properties Material extrusion Relaxation Strain-hardening |
url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264127523001028 |
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