A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression on the Effects of Carbohydrates on Sleep
This study aimed to assess the effects of quantity, quality and periodization of carbohydrates consumption on sleep. PubMed, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library were searched through October 2020. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Eleven articles were included in the meta-analysis which c...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/4/1283 |
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| author | Angelos Vlahoyiannis Christoforos D. Giannaki Giorgos K. Sakkas George Aphamis Eleni Andreou |
| author_facet | Angelos Vlahoyiannis Christoforos D. Giannaki Giorgos K. Sakkas George Aphamis Eleni Andreou |
| author_sort | Angelos Vlahoyiannis |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to assess the effects of quantity, quality and periodization of carbohydrates consumption on sleep. PubMed, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library were searched through October 2020. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Eleven articles were included in the meta-analysis which consisted of 27 separate nutrition trials, resulting in 16 comparison data sets (sleep quantity <i>n</i> = 11; sleep quality <i>n</i> = 5). Compared to high carbohydrate (HCI), low carbohydrate intake (LCI) moderately increased duration and proportion of N3 sleep stage (ES = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.18, 0.56; <i>p</i> < 0.001 and ES = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.33, 0.69; <i>p</i> < 0.001, respectively). HCI prolonged rapid eye movement (REM) stage duration (ES = −0.38; 95% CI = 0.05, −8.05; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and proportion (ES = −0.46; 95% CI = −0.83, −0.01; <i>p</i> < 0.001), compared to LCI. The quality of carbohydrate intake did not affect sleep stages. Meta-regression showed that the effectiveness of carbohydrate quantity and quality in sleep onset latency was significantly explained by alterations of carbohydrate intake as a percentage of daily energy intake (R<sup>2</sup> = 25.87, <i>p</i> = 0.018) and alterations in the glycemic load (R<sup>2</sup> = 50.8, <i>p</i> = 0.048), respectively. Alterations in glycemic load partially explained the variance of the effectiveness of carbohydrate quality in sleep efficiency (R<sup>2</sup> = 89.2, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and wake after sleep onset (R<sup>2</sup> = 64.9, <i>p</i> = 0.018). Carbohydrate quantity was shown to affect sleep architecture, and especially N3 and REM sleep stages. Alterations in both quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake showed a significant effect on sleep initiation. Variations in carbohydrate quality significantly affected measures of sleep continuation. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of long-term carbohydrate interventions on sleep. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:20:53Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1905625d73a64eb88f90716445224ea9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T12:20:53Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-1905625d73a64eb88f90716445224ea92023-11-21T15:29:56ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-04-01134128310.3390/nu13041283A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression on the Effects of Carbohydrates on SleepAngelos Vlahoyiannis0Christoforos D. Giannaki1Giorgos K. Sakkas2George Aphamis3Eleni Andreou4Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitisas Avenue, Nicosia CY1700, CyprusDepartment of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitisas Avenue, Nicosia CY1700, CyprusDepartment of PE and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, GreeceDepartment of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitisas Avenue, Nicosia CY1700, CyprusDepartment of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitisas Avenue, Nicosia CY1700, CyprusThis study aimed to assess the effects of quantity, quality and periodization of carbohydrates consumption on sleep. PubMed, SCOPUS and Cochrane Library were searched through October 2020. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. Eleven articles were included in the meta-analysis which consisted of 27 separate nutrition trials, resulting in 16 comparison data sets (sleep quantity <i>n</i> = 11; sleep quality <i>n</i> = 5). Compared to high carbohydrate (HCI), low carbohydrate intake (LCI) moderately increased duration and proportion of N3 sleep stage (ES = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.18, 0.56; <i>p</i> < 0.001 and ES = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.33, 0.69; <i>p</i> < 0.001, respectively). HCI prolonged rapid eye movement (REM) stage duration (ES = −0.38; 95% CI = 0.05, −8.05; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and proportion (ES = −0.46; 95% CI = −0.83, −0.01; <i>p</i> < 0.001), compared to LCI. The quality of carbohydrate intake did not affect sleep stages. Meta-regression showed that the effectiveness of carbohydrate quantity and quality in sleep onset latency was significantly explained by alterations of carbohydrate intake as a percentage of daily energy intake (R<sup>2</sup> = 25.87, <i>p</i> = 0.018) and alterations in the glycemic load (R<sup>2</sup> = 50.8, <i>p</i> = 0.048), respectively. Alterations in glycemic load partially explained the variance of the effectiveness of carbohydrate quality in sleep efficiency (R<sup>2</sup> = 89.2, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and wake after sleep onset (R<sup>2</sup> = 64.9, <i>p</i> = 0.018). Carbohydrate quantity was shown to affect sleep architecture, and especially N3 and REM sleep stages. Alterations in both quantity and quality of carbohydrate intake showed a significant effect on sleep initiation. Variations in carbohydrate quality significantly affected measures of sleep continuation. Further studies are needed to assess the effect of long-term carbohydrate interventions on sleep.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/4/1283glycemic indexglycemic loadnutritionsleeppolysomnographyactigraphy |
| spellingShingle | Angelos Vlahoyiannis Christoforos D. Giannaki Giorgos K. Sakkas George Aphamis Eleni Andreou A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression on the Effects of Carbohydrates on Sleep Nutrients glycemic index glycemic load nutrition sleep polysomnography actigraphy |
| title | A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression on the Effects of Carbohydrates on Sleep |
| title_full | A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression on the Effects of Carbohydrates on Sleep |
| title_fullStr | A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression on the Effects of Carbohydrates on Sleep |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression on the Effects of Carbohydrates on Sleep |
| title_short | A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression on the Effects of Carbohydrates on Sleep |
| title_sort | systematic review meta analysis and meta regression on the effects of carbohydrates on sleep |
| topic | glycemic index glycemic load nutrition sleep polysomnography actigraphy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/4/1283 |
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