Effect of Extraction Methods on the Antioxidant Potential and Cytotoxicity of the Combined Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Daucus carota</i> L., <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L., <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. and <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> against Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells
Frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables in the daily diet may alleviate the risk of developing chronic diseases. <i>Daucus carota</i> L. (carrot), <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L. (beetroot) <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. (amla), and <i>Lycopersicon esculentum&l...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/18/6589 |
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| author | Mahima Chauhan Vandana Garg Ghazala Zia Rohit Dutt Badrah S. Alghamdi Ayat Zawawi Ghulam Md. Ashraf Aisha Farhana |
| author_facet | Mahima Chauhan Vandana Garg Ghazala Zia Rohit Dutt Badrah S. Alghamdi Ayat Zawawi Ghulam Md. Ashraf Aisha Farhana |
| author_sort | Mahima Chauhan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables in the daily diet may alleviate the risk of developing chronic diseases. <i>Daucus carota</i> L. (carrot), <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L. (beetroot) <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. (amla), and <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> M (tomatoes) are traditionally consumed functional foods that contain a high concentration of antioxidants, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, and numerous phytochemicals. This study assessed how three distinct preparation methods affect the phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid, and ascorbic acid contents, antioxidant level, and cytotoxicity of the combined fruit extract. The fruit samples were taken in the ratio of carrot (6): beetroot (2): tomato (1.5): amla (0.5) and processed into a lyophilized slurry (LS) extract, lyophilized juice (LJ) extract, and hot-air oven-dried (HAO) extract samples. The sample extracts were assessed for their phytoconstituent concentrations and antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. The total phenolic content in LS, LJ, and HAO extracts was 171.20 ± 0.02, 120.73 ± 0.02, and 72.05 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, respectively and the total flavonoid content was 23.635 ± 0.003, 20.754 ± 0.005, and 18.635 ± 0.005 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g, respectively. Similarly, total ascorbic acid content, carotenoids, and antioxidant potential were higher in the LS and LJ extracts than in HAO. Overall, the LS extract had a substantially higher concentration of phytochemicals and antioxidants, as well as higher cytotoxic potential, compared to the LJ and HAO extracts. The LS extract was tested in the MKN-45 human gastric cancer cell line to demonstrate its effective antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity. Hence, lyophilization (freezing) based techniques are more effective than heat-based techniques in preserving the phytoconstituents and their antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:23:51Z |
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| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:23:51Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-1a95897c417848c680f125a060ea58a92023-11-19T12:09:35ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492023-09-012818658910.3390/molecules28186589Effect of Extraction Methods on the Antioxidant Potential and Cytotoxicity of the Combined Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Daucus carota</i> L., <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L., <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. and <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> against Gastric Adenocarcinoma CellsMahima Chauhan0Vandana Garg1Ghazala Zia2Rohit Dutt3Badrah S. Alghamdi4Ayat Zawawi5Ghulam Md. Ashraf6Aisha Farhana7Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D University, Rohtak 124001, IndiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D University, Rohtak 124001, IndiaDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, M.D University, Rohtak 124001, IndiaRohit Dutt Principal, GMN College, Ambala 133001, IndiaDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab EmiratesDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Aljouf 72388, Saudi ArabiaFrequent consumption of fruits and vegetables in the daily diet may alleviate the risk of developing chronic diseases. <i>Daucus carota</i> L. (carrot), <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L. (beetroot) <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. (amla), and <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> M (tomatoes) are traditionally consumed functional foods that contain a high concentration of antioxidants, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, and numerous phytochemicals. This study assessed how three distinct preparation methods affect the phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid, and ascorbic acid contents, antioxidant level, and cytotoxicity of the combined fruit extract. The fruit samples were taken in the ratio of carrot (6): beetroot (2): tomato (1.5): amla (0.5) and processed into a lyophilized slurry (LS) extract, lyophilized juice (LJ) extract, and hot-air oven-dried (HAO) extract samples. The sample extracts were assessed for their phytoconstituent concentrations and antioxidant and cytotoxic potential. The total phenolic content in LS, LJ, and HAO extracts was 171.20 ± 0.02, 120.73 ± 0.02, and 72.05 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g, respectively and the total flavonoid content was 23.635 ± 0.003, 20.754 ± 0.005, and 18.635 ± 0.005 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g, respectively. Similarly, total ascorbic acid content, carotenoids, and antioxidant potential were higher in the LS and LJ extracts than in HAO. Overall, the LS extract had a substantially higher concentration of phytochemicals and antioxidants, as well as higher cytotoxic potential, compared to the LJ and HAO extracts. The LS extract was tested in the MKN-45 human gastric cancer cell line to demonstrate its effective antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity. Hence, lyophilization (freezing) based techniques are more effective than heat-based techniques in preserving the phytoconstituents and their antioxidant and cytotoxic potential.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/18/6589hot-air oven drying methodethanolic fruit extractsbioactive compoundsflavonoidscarotenoidsphenolics |
| spellingShingle | Mahima Chauhan Vandana Garg Ghazala Zia Rohit Dutt Badrah S. Alghamdi Ayat Zawawi Ghulam Md. Ashraf Aisha Farhana Effect of Extraction Methods on the Antioxidant Potential and Cytotoxicity of the Combined Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Daucus carota</i> L., <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L., <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. and <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> against Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells Molecules hot-air oven drying method ethanolic fruit extracts bioactive compounds flavonoids carotenoids phenolics |
| title | Effect of Extraction Methods on the Antioxidant Potential and Cytotoxicity of the Combined Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Daucus carota</i> L., <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L., <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. and <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> against Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells |
| title_full | Effect of Extraction Methods on the Antioxidant Potential and Cytotoxicity of the Combined Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Daucus carota</i> L., <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L., <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. and <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> against Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Extraction Methods on the Antioxidant Potential and Cytotoxicity of the Combined Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Daucus carota</i> L., <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L., <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. and <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> against Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Extraction Methods on the Antioxidant Potential and Cytotoxicity of the Combined Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Daucus carota</i> L., <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L., <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. and <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> against Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells |
| title_short | Effect of Extraction Methods on the Antioxidant Potential and Cytotoxicity of the Combined Ethanolic Extracts of <i>Daucus carota</i> L., <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L., <i>Phyllanthus emblica</i> L. and <i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i> against Gastric Adenocarcinoma Cells |
| title_sort | effect of extraction methods on the antioxidant potential and cytotoxicity of the combined ethanolic extracts of i daucus carota i l i beta vulgaris i l i phyllanthus emblica i l and i lycopersicon esculentum i against gastric adenocarcinoma cells |
| topic | hot-air oven drying method ethanolic fruit extracts bioactive compounds flavonoids carotenoids phenolics |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/28/18/6589 |
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