The confusion effect when attacking simulated three-dimensional starling flocks

The confusion effect describes the phenomenon of decreasing predator attack success with increasing prey group size. However, there is a paucity of research into the influence of this effect in coherent groups, such as flocks of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Here, for the first time, we use...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Benedict G. Hogan, Hanno Hildenbrandt, Nicholas E. Scott-Samuel, Innes C. Cuthill, Charlotte K.  Hemelrijk
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: The Royal Society 2017-01-01
Series:Royal Society Open Science
Subjects:
Online Access:https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsos.160564