Safety Evaluation of Chemical Insecticides to <i>Tetrastichus howardi</i> (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Pupal Parasitoid of <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Using Three Exposure Routes
<i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> has become a major pest in many crops worldwide. The main control strategies are biological and chemical controls. However, pesticides have varying degrees of toxicity to parasitic wasps in the field. To integrate chemical and biological controls, we evaluate...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Insects |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/13/5/443 |