Norketamine, the Main Metabolite of Ketamine, Induces Mitochondria-Dependent and ER Stress-Triggered Apoptotic Death in Urothelial Cells via a Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Regulated ERK1/2-Activating Pathway

Norketamine, the Main Metabolite of Ketamine, Induces Mitochondria-Dependent and ER Stress-Triggered Apoptotic Death in Urothelial Cells via a Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Regulated ERK1/2-Activating Pathway

Ketamine-associated cystitis is characterized by suburothelial inflammation and urothelial cell death. Norketamine (NK), the main metabolite of ketamine, is abundant in urine following ketamine exposure. NK has been speculated to exert toxic effects in urothelial cells, similarly to ketamine. Howeve...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Jhe-Wei Lin, Yi-Chun Lin, Jui-Ming Liu, Shing-Hwa Liu, Kai-Min Fang, Ren-Jun Hsu, Chun-Fa Huang, Kai-Yao Chang, Kuan-I Lee, Kai-Chih Chang, Chin-Chuan Su, Ya-Wen Chen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2022-04-01
Series:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Subjects:
norketamine
bladder urothelial cell
mitochondrial dysfunction
ER stress
extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2
intracellular calcium
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/9/4666

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https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/9/4666

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