Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Expression in Breast Cancer and Its Association with Carbonic Anhydrase IX and Immune Checkpoints

Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Expression in Breast Cancer and Its Association with Carbonic Anhydrase IX and Immune Checkpoints

Purpose: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and hypoxia modulate the tumour immune microenvironment. In model systems, hypoxia-induced carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) has been associated with G-CSF and immune responses, including M2 polarization of macrophages. We investigated whether these...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Shawn C. Chafe, Nazia Riaz, Samantha Burugu, Dongxia Gao, Samuel C. Y. Leung, Anna F. Lee, Cheng-Han Lee, Shoukat Dedhar, Torsten O. Nielsen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-03-01
Series:Cancers
Subjects:
granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
carbonic anhydrase IX
hypoxia
tumour-associated macrophages
tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes
invasive breast cancer
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/5/1022

Internet

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/5/1022

Similar Items