Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Expression in Breast Cancer and Its Association with Carbonic Anhydrase IX and Immune Checkpoints
Purpose: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and hypoxia modulate the tumour immune microenvironment. In model systems, hypoxia-induced carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) has been associated with G-CSF and immune responses, including M2 polarization of macrophages. We investigated whether these...
Main Authors: | Shawn C. Chafe, Nazia Riaz, Samantha Burugu, Dongxia Gao, Samuel C. Y. Leung, Anna F. Lee, Cheng-Han Lee, Shoukat Dedhar, Torsten O. Nielsen |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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Series: | Cancers |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/5/1022 |
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