Bladder sparing by short-course radiotherapy combined with toripalimab in high-risk/extremely high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HOPE-04): study protocol for a single-arm, prospective, phase II trial
Introduction Radical cystectomy remains the standard treatment for intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) because potential bladder-preserving therapies are not well established. Combination of radiotherapy with programmed death-1 (PD-1) an...
Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
BMJ Publishing Group
2024-01-01
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Series: | BMJ Open |
Online Access: | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/1/e076663.full |