Bladder sparing by short-course radiotherapy combined with toripalimab in high-risk/extremely high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HOPE-04): study protocol for a single-arm, prospective, phase II trial

Bladder sparing by short-course radiotherapy combined with toripalimab in high-risk/extremely high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HOPE-04): study protocol for a single-arm, prospective, phase II trial

Introduction Radical cystectomy remains the standard treatment for intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) because potential bladder-preserving therapies are not well established. Combination of radiotherapy with programmed death-1 (PD-1) an...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Hao Zeng, Peng Zhang, Qiang Wei, Feng Wen, Tianhai Lin, Yali Shen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMJ Publishing Group 2024-01-01
Series:BMJ Open
Online Access:https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/1/e076663.full

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https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/1/e076663.full

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