<i>In Vivo</i> Models and <i>In Vitro</i> Assays for the Assessment of Pertussis Toxin Activity
One of the main virulence factors produced by <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> is pertussis toxin (PTx) which, in its inactivated form, is the major component of all marketed acellular pertussis vaccines. PTx ADP ribosylates Gα<sub>i</sub> proteins, thereby affecting the inhibitio...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/8/565 |
| _version_ | 1797521913182945280 |
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| author | Marieke Esther Hoonakker |
| author_facet | Marieke Esther Hoonakker |
| author_sort | Marieke Esther Hoonakker |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | One of the main virulence factors produced by <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> is pertussis toxin (PTx) which, in its inactivated form, is the major component of all marketed acellular pertussis vaccines. PTx ADP ribosylates Gα<sub>i</sub> proteins, thereby affecting the inhibition of adenylate cyclases and resulting in the accumulation of cAMP. Apart from this classical model, PTx also activates some receptors and can affect various ADP ribosylation- and adenylate cyclase-independent signalling pathways. Due to its potent ADP-ribosylation properties, PTx has been used in many research areas. Initially the research primarily focussed on the <i>in vivo</i> effects of the toxin, including histamine sensitization, insulin secretion and leukocytosis. Nowadays, PTx is also used in toxicology research, cell signalling, research involving the blood–brain barrier, and testing of neutralizing antibodies. However, the most important area of use is testing of acellular pertussis vaccines for the presence of residual PTx. <i>In vivo</i> models and <i>in vitro</i> assays for PTx often reflect one of the toxin’s properties or details of its mechanism. Here, the established and novel <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> methods used to evaluate PTx are reviewed, their mechanisms, characteristics and limitations are described, and their application for regulatory and research purposes are considered. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:19:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-1f76b65269944e578cc089a4c5737cb6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T08:19:15Z |
| publishDate | 2021-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-1f76b65269944e578cc089a4c5737cb62023-11-22T10:04:48ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-08-0113856510.3390/toxins13080565<i>In Vivo</i> Models and <i>In Vitro</i> Assays for the Assessment of Pertussis Toxin ActivityMarieke Esther Hoonakker0Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The NetherlandsOne of the main virulence factors produced by <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> is pertussis toxin (PTx) which, in its inactivated form, is the major component of all marketed acellular pertussis vaccines. PTx ADP ribosylates Gα<sub>i</sub> proteins, thereby affecting the inhibition of adenylate cyclases and resulting in the accumulation of cAMP. Apart from this classical model, PTx also activates some receptors and can affect various ADP ribosylation- and adenylate cyclase-independent signalling pathways. Due to its potent ADP-ribosylation properties, PTx has been used in many research areas. Initially the research primarily focussed on the <i>in vivo</i> effects of the toxin, including histamine sensitization, insulin secretion and leukocytosis. Nowadays, PTx is also used in toxicology research, cell signalling, research involving the blood–brain barrier, and testing of neutralizing antibodies. However, the most important area of use is testing of acellular pertussis vaccines for the presence of residual PTx. <i>In vivo</i> models and <i>in vitro</i> assays for PTx often reflect one of the toxin’s properties or details of its mechanism. Here, the established and novel <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i> methods used to evaluate PTx are reviewed, their mechanisms, characteristics and limitations are described, and their application for regulatory and research purposes are considered.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/8/565pertussis toxinacellular pertussis vaccines<i>in vitro</i> assays<i>in vivo</i> models |
| spellingShingle | Marieke Esther Hoonakker <i>In Vivo</i> Models and <i>In Vitro</i> Assays for the Assessment of Pertussis Toxin Activity Toxins pertussis toxin acellular pertussis vaccines <i>in vitro</i> assays <i>in vivo</i> models |
| title | <i>In Vivo</i> Models and <i>In Vitro</i> Assays for the Assessment of Pertussis Toxin Activity |
| title_full | <i>In Vivo</i> Models and <i>In Vitro</i> Assays for the Assessment of Pertussis Toxin Activity |
| title_fullStr | <i>In Vivo</i> Models and <i>In Vitro</i> Assays for the Assessment of Pertussis Toxin Activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>In Vivo</i> Models and <i>In Vitro</i> Assays for the Assessment of Pertussis Toxin Activity |
| title_short | <i>In Vivo</i> Models and <i>In Vitro</i> Assays for the Assessment of Pertussis Toxin Activity |
| title_sort | i in vivo i models and i in vitro i assays for the assessment of pertussis toxin activity |
| topic | pertussis toxin acellular pertussis vaccines <i>in vitro</i> assays <i>in vivo</i> models |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/8/565 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mariekeestherhoonakker iinvivoimodelsandiinvitroiassaysfortheassessmentofpertussistoxinactivity |