| Summary: | In three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, the effects of injection timing and spray inclusion angle (SIA) on performance and emissions of diffusion-controlled and Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) combustion in part load for a heavy-duty direct injection (HDDI) diesel engine are studied. The start of injection (SOI) of a 146° SIA injector is varied between −70 and −10 °crank angle (°CA) after top dead center (ATDC). For −50 °CA ATDC SOI with various SIAs between 80° and 146°, PCCI combustion reduces mono-nitrogen oxide (NO<sub>x</sub>) emissions significantly compared to conventional diesel combustion (CDC). Due to incomplete combustion in rich zones formed by droplet–cylinder wall interaction, early wide SIA injection deteriorates combustion efficiency (CE) and Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) and increases soot and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. Narrow-angle sprays interacting with the piston bowl elevate CE and IMEP and decrease soot and CO emissions but increases NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. Optimal combustion is achieved by avoiding fuel droplet–cylinder wall interaction. By spray-targeting at the stepped lip of the piston bowl, 100° SIA and −50 °CA ATDC SOI yield, respectively, the highest CE and IMEP: 97.8% and 3.37 bar and the lowest soot and CO emissions: 33.5 and 2.2 ppm, with acceptable NO<sub>x</sub> emissions.
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