Mucosal immune responses and protective efficacy elicited by oral administration AMP-ZnONPs-adjuvanted inactivated H9N2 virus in chickens
ABSTRACT: The avian influenza virus is infected through the mucosal route, thus mucosal barrier defense is very important. While the inactivated H9N2 vaccine cannot achieve sufficient mucosal immunity, adjuvants are needed to induce mucosal and systemic immunity to prevent poultry from H9N2 influenz...
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Elsevier
2024-04-01
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Series: | Poultry Science |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579124000750 |