The Influence of the Internal Properties of River Ice on Ground Penetrating Radar Propagation
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has proven to be a very effective method for examining ice thickness. However, two preconditions must be met for this approach to be useful; the round-trip travel time of electromagnetic (EM) waves and radar transmission speed in the ice must be known. These issues are...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/5/889 |
| _version_ | 1797614192010723328 |
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| author | Hongwei Han Yu Li Wanyun Li Xingchao Liu Enliang Wang Haiqiang Jiang |
| author_facet | Hongwei Han Yu Li Wanyun Li Xingchao Liu Enliang Wang Haiqiang Jiang |
| author_sort | Hongwei Han |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has proven to be a very effective method for examining ice thickness. However, two preconditions must be met for this approach to be useful; the round-trip travel time of electromagnetic (EM) waves and radar transmission speed in the ice must be known. These issues are problematic because many factors affect radar transmission speed in ice, including impurities, physical properties such as porosity and density, and temperature. Results show that if these factors are not taken into account and a signal velocity of 0.17 m/ns in pure ice is used to estimate thickness, overestimates will result. We carried out a series of GPR surveys using dual channel host 200 MHz shielded antennas at the Toudaoguai Hydrological Station on the Yellow River, China, and collected samples to analyze ice impurities and physical properties. The results show that the ice crystal types include frazil, granular, and column at the Toudaoguai Hydrologic Station section. Our analysis of ice gas bubble and sediment content showed that the gas bubble volume content is between 11.95 and 13.0% in the frazil ice and between 7.9% and 8.6% in granular and columnar ice. At the same time, the ice sediment content ranged between 0.11‰ and 0.57‰, and the average was 0.24‰ in granular and columnar ice, which was about one-tenth that of the suspended sediment concentration in water. Additionally, a combination of GPR data as well as ice impurities, porosity, density, and temperature enabled us to provide insights on the variability of radar transmission speed and the equivalent dielectric permittivity in river ice. Our extensive observations reveal that radar transmission speed falls between 0.141 m/ns and 0.164 m/ns and that the equivalent dielectric permittivity of river ice increases in concert with ice temperature. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:06:19Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-2c42903f99694acea14a66dfa39d11f9 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:06:19Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-2c42903f99694acea14a66dfa39d11f92023-11-17T08:54:26ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412023-02-0115588910.3390/w15050889The Influence of the Internal Properties of River Ice on Ground Penetrating Radar PropagationHongwei Han0Yu Li1Wanyun Li2Xingchao Liu3Enliang Wang4Haiqiang Jiang5School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaSchool of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, ChinaGround penetrating radar (GPR) has proven to be a very effective method for examining ice thickness. However, two preconditions must be met for this approach to be useful; the round-trip travel time of electromagnetic (EM) waves and radar transmission speed in the ice must be known. These issues are problematic because many factors affect radar transmission speed in ice, including impurities, physical properties such as porosity and density, and temperature. Results show that if these factors are not taken into account and a signal velocity of 0.17 m/ns in pure ice is used to estimate thickness, overestimates will result. We carried out a series of GPR surveys using dual channel host 200 MHz shielded antennas at the Toudaoguai Hydrological Station on the Yellow River, China, and collected samples to analyze ice impurities and physical properties. The results show that the ice crystal types include frazil, granular, and column at the Toudaoguai Hydrologic Station section. Our analysis of ice gas bubble and sediment content showed that the gas bubble volume content is between 11.95 and 13.0% in the frazil ice and between 7.9% and 8.6% in granular and columnar ice. At the same time, the ice sediment content ranged between 0.11‰ and 0.57‰, and the average was 0.24‰ in granular and columnar ice, which was about one-tenth that of the suspended sediment concentration in water. Additionally, a combination of GPR data as well as ice impurities, porosity, density, and temperature enabled us to provide insights on the variability of radar transmission speed and the equivalent dielectric permittivity in river ice. Our extensive observations reveal that radar transmission speed falls between 0.141 m/ns and 0.164 m/ns and that the equivalent dielectric permittivity of river ice increases in concert with ice temperature.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/5/889river icethicknessGPRtemperatureYellow River |
| spellingShingle | Hongwei Han Yu Li Wanyun Li Xingchao Liu Enliang Wang Haiqiang Jiang The Influence of the Internal Properties of River Ice on Ground Penetrating Radar Propagation Water river ice thickness GPR temperature Yellow River |
| title | The Influence of the Internal Properties of River Ice on Ground Penetrating Radar Propagation |
| title_full | The Influence of the Internal Properties of River Ice on Ground Penetrating Radar Propagation |
| title_fullStr | The Influence of the Internal Properties of River Ice on Ground Penetrating Radar Propagation |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Influence of the Internal Properties of River Ice on Ground Penetrating Radar Propagation |
| title_short | The Influence of the Internal Properties of River Ice on Ground Penetrating Radar Propagation |
| title_sort | influence of the internal properties of river ice on ground penetrating radar propagation |
| topic | river ice thickness GPR temperature Yellow River |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/15/5/889 |
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