The Zeldovich Number: A Universal Dimensionless Measure for the Electromagnetic Field

In this paper we extend the Zeldovich formula, which was originally derived for the free electromagnetic field and was interpreted as the number of photons. We show that our extended formula gives a universal dimensionless measure of the overall strength of electromagnetic fields: free fields and fi...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Iwo Bialynicki-Birula, Zofia Bialynicka-Birula
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2023-08-01
Series:Physics
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8174/5/3/55