Effect of Genotype, Environment, and Their Interaction on the Antioxidant Properties of Durum Wheat: Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization and Sowing Time
In this study, the influence of genotype (G), environment (E), and their interaction (G × E) on the content of total free phenolic compounds (TPC) and the antioxidant capacity (AC) was investigated, using sixteen durum wheat genotypes cultivated under seven crop management systems in Mediterranean e...
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| author | Stergios Melios Elissavet Ninou Maria Irakli Nektaria Tsivelika Iosif Sistanis Fokion Papathanasiou Spyros Didos Kyriaki Zinoviadou Haralabos Christos Karantonis Anagnostis Argiriou Ioannis Mylonas |
| author_facet | Stergios Melios Elissavet Ninou Maria Irakli Nektaria Tsivelika Iosif Sistanis Fokion Papathanasiou Spyros Didos Kyriaki Zinoviadou Haralabos Christos Karantonis Anagnostis Argiriou Ioannis Mylonas |
| author_sort | Stergios Melios |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this study, the influence of genotype (G), environment (E), and their interaction (G × E) on the content of total free phenolic compounds (TPC) and the antioxidant capacity (AC) was investigated, using sixteen durum wheat genotypes cultivated under seven crop management systems in Mediterranean environments. Possible correlations between TPC and AC with protein content (PC) and vitreous kernel percentage (VKP) were examined. Gs that exhibited stability across diverse conditions were studied through a comprehensive exploration of G × E interaction using a GGE biplot, Pi, and <i>𝘒R</i>. The results indicated significant impacts of E, G, and G × E on both TPC and AC. Across E, the mean values of G for TPC, ABTS (2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) values were 48.8 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/100 g, 121.3 mg TE/100 g, 23.0 mg TE/100 g, and 88.4 mg TE/100 g, respectively. E, subjected to splitting top-dressing N fertilization, consistently showed low values, while the late-sowing ones possessed high values. Organic crop management maintained a stable position in the middle across all measurements. The predominant influence was attributed to G × E, as indicated by the order G × E > E > G for ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP, while for TPC, it was E > G × E > G. For TPC, the superior Gs included G5, G7 and G10, for ABTS included G3, G5 and G7, and for protein included G1, G9, and G16. G7 and G5 had a high presence of frequency, with G7 being the closest genotype to the ideal for both TPC and ABTS. These results suggest that the sowing time, nitrogen fertilization, and application method significantly impact the various antioxidant properties of durum wheat. This study holds significant importance as it represents one of the few comprehensive explorations of the impact of various Es, Gs, and their interactions on the TPC and AC in durum wheat, with a special emphasis on crop management and superior Gs possessing stable and high TPC and AC among them, explored by GGE biplot, Pi and <i>𝘒R</i>. Further experimentation, considering the effect of the cultivation year, is necessary, to establish more robust and stable conclusions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:46:24Z |
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| id | doaj.art-3880e573a1a042289b7f0742b8710674 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-3880e573a1a042289b7f0742b87106742024-02-23T15:03:55ZengMDPI AGAgriculture2077-04722024-02-0114232810.3390/agriculture14020328Effect of Genotype, Environment, and Their Interaction on the Antioxidant Properties of Durum Wheat: Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization and Sowing TimeStergios Melios0Elissavet Ninou1Maria Irakli2Nektaria Tsivelika3Iosif Sistanis4Fokion Papathanasiou5Spyros Didos6Kyriaki Zinoviadou7Haralabos Christos Karantonis8Anagnostis Argiriou9Ioannis Mylonas10Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—“Demeter”, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Agriculture, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, GreeceInstitute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—“Demeter”, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceInstitute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—“Demeter”, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceInstitute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—“Demeter”, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceDepartment of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, GreeceInstitute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceAmerican Farm School, Perrotis College, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceLaboratory of Food Chemistry and of Technology and Quality of Animal Origin Food, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, GreeceInstitute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceInstitute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization—“Demeter”, 57001 Thessaloniki, GreeceIn this study, the influence of genotype (G), environment (E), and their interaction (G × E) on the content of total free phenolic compounds (TPC) and the antioxidant capacity (AC) was investigated, using sixteen durum wheat genotypes cultivated under seven crop management systems in Mediterranean environments. Possible correlations between TPC and AC with protein content (PC) and vitreous kernel percentage (VKP) were examined. Gs that exhibited stability across diverse conditions were studied through a comprehensive exploration of G × E interaction using a GGE biplot, Pi, and <i>𝘒R</i>. The results indicated significant impacts of E, G, and G × E on both TPC and AC. Across E, the mean values of G for TPC, ABTS (2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) values were 48.8 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/100 g, 121.3 mg TE/100 g, 23.0 mg TE/100 g, and 88.4 mg TE/100 g, respectively. E, subjected to splitting top-dressing N fertilization, consistently showed low values, while the late-sowing ones possessed high values. Organic crop management maintained a stable position in the middle across all measurements. The predominant influence was attributed to G × E, as indicated by the order G × E > E > G for ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP, while for TPC, it was E > G × E > G. For TPC, the superior Gs included G5, G7 and G10, for ABTS included G3, G5 and G7, and for protein included G1, G9, and G16. G7 and G5 had a high presence of frequency, with G7 being the closest genotype to the ideal for both TPC and ABTS. These results suggest that the sowing time, nitrogen fertilization, and application method significantly impact the various antioxidant properties of durum wheat. This study holds significant importance as it represents one of the few comprehensive explorations of the impact of various Es, Gs, and their interactions on the TPC and AC in durum wheat, with a special emphasis on crop management and superior Gs possessing stable and high TPC and AC among them, explored by GGE biplot, Pi and <i>𝘒R</i>. Further experimentation, considering the effect of the cultivation year, is necessary, to establish more robust and stable conclusions.https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/14/2/328cultivarsantioxidant propertiesphenolic compoundsproteinGGE biplotstability indices |
| spellingShingle | Stergios Melios Elissavet Ninou Maria Irakli Nektaria Tsivelika Iosif Sistanis Fokion Papathanasiou Spyros Didos Kyriaki Zinoviadou Haralabos Christos Karantonis Anagnostis Argiriou Ioannis Mylonas Effect of Genotype, Environment, and Their Interaction on the Antioxidant Properties of Durum Wheat: Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization and Sowing Time Agriculture cultivars antioxidant properties phenolic compounds protein GGE biplot stability indices |
| title | Effect of Genotype, Environment, and Their Interaction on the Antioxidant Properties of Durum Wheat: Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization and Sowing Time |
| title_full | Effect of Genotype, Environment, and Their Interaction on the Antioxidant Properties of Durum Wheat: Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization and Sowing Time |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Genotype, Environment, and Their Interaction on the Antioxidant Properties of Durum Wheat: Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization and Sowing Time |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Genotype, Environment, and Their Interaction on the Antioxidant Properties of Durum Wheat: Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization and Sowing Time |
| title_short | Effect of Genotype, Environment, and Their Interaction on the Antioxidant Properties of Durum Wheat: Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization and Sowing Time |
| title_sort | effect of genotype environment and their interaction on the antioxidant properties of durum wheat impact of nitrogen fertilization and sowing time |
| topic | cultivars antioxidant properties phenolic compounds protein GGE biplot stability indices |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/14/2/328 |
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