Subjective experience, self-efficacy, and motivation of professional football referees during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abstract The present multi-study article investigates the subjective experience of professional football (a.k.a. soccer) referees and players during the COVID-19 pandemic and the so-called ghost games (i.e., games without supporters). Referees from the Austrian Football Association completed questio...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Springer Nature
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Humanities & Social Sciences Communications |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01720-z |