Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Recent Advances in Their Removal: A Review
Natural and anthropogenic sources of metals in the ecosystem are perpetually increasing; consequently, heavy metal (HM) accumulation has become a major environmental concern. Human exposure to HMs has increased dramatically due to the industrial activities of the 20th century. Mercury, arsenic lead,...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/7/580 |
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| author | Manar K. Abd Elnabi Nehal E. Elkaliny Maha M. Elyazied Shimaa H. Azab Shawky A. Elkhalifa Sohaila Elmasry Moustafa S. Mouhamed Ebrahim M. Shalamesh Naira A. Alhorieny Abeer E. Abd Elaty Ibrahim M. Elgendy Alaa E. Etman Kholod E. Saad Konstantina Tsigkou Sameh S. Ali Michael Kornaros Yehia A.-G. Mahmoud |
| author_facet | Manar K. Abd Elnabi Nehal E. Elkaliny Maha M. Elyazied Shimaa H. Azab Shawky A. Elkhalifa Sohaila Elmasry Moustafa S. Mouhamed Ebrahim M. Shalamesh Naira A. Alhorieny Abeer E. Abd Elaty Ibrahim M. Elgendy Alaa E. Etman Kholod E. Saad Konstantina Tsigkou Sameh S. Ali Michael Kornaros Yehia A.-G. Mahmoud |
| author_sort | Manar K. Abd Elnabi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Natural and anthropogenic sources of metals in the ecosystem are perpetually increasing; consequently, heavy metal (HM) accumulation has become a major environmental concern. Human exposure to HMs has increased dramatically due to the industrial activities of the 20th century. Mercury, arsenic lead, chrome, and cadmium have been the most prevalent HMs that have caused human toxicity. Poisonings can be acute or chronic following exposure via water, air, or food. The bioaccumulation of these HMs results in a variety of toxic effects on various tissues and organs. Comparing the mechanisms of action reveals that these metals induce toxicity via similar pathways, including the production of reactive oxygen species, the inactivation of enzymes, and oxidative stress. The conventional techniques employed for the elimination of HMs are deemed inadequate when the HM concentration is less than 100 mg/L. In addition, these methods exhibit certain limitations, including the production of secondary pollutants, a high demand for energy and chemicals, and reduced cost-effectiveness. As a result, the employment of microbial bioremediation for the purpose of HM detoxification has emerged as a viable solution, given that microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria, exhibit superior biosorption and bio-accumulation capabilities. This review deals with HM uptake and toxicity mechanisms associated with HMs, and will increase our knowledge on their toxic effects on the body organs, leading to better management of metal poisoning. This review aims to enhance comprehension and offer sources for the judicious selection of microbial remediation technology for the detoxification of HMs. Microbial-based solutions that are sustainable could potentially offer crucial and cost-effective methods for reducing the toxicity of HMs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:36:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3b22cebcc851469ba5cf680573fe841f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:36:01Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxics |
| spelling | doaj.art-3b22cebcc851469ba5cf680573fe841f2023-11-18T21:36:52ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-07-0111758010.3390/toxics11070580Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Recent Advances in Their Removal: A ReviewManar K. Abd Elnabi0Nehal E. Elkaliny1Maha M. Elyazied2Shimaa H. Azab3Shawky A. Elkhalifa4Sohaila Elmasry5Moustafa S. Mouhamed6Ebrahim M. Shalamesh7Naira A. Alhorieny8Abeer E. Abd Elaty9Ibrahim M. Elgendy10Alaa E. Etman11Kholod E. Saad12Konstantina Tsigkou13Sameh S. Ali14Michael Kornaros15Yehia A.-G. Mahmoud16Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptMicrobiology Department, Faculty of science, Damanhour University, Behaira 22514, EgyptBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 1 Karatheodori str, 26504 Patras, GreeceBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 1 Karatheodori str, 26504 Patras, GreeceBotany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, EgyptNatural and anthropogenic sources of metals in the ecosystem are perpetually increasing; consequently, heavy metal (HM) accumulation has become a major environmental concern. Human exposure to HMs has increased dramatically due to the industrial activities of the 20th century. Mercury, arsenic lead, chrome, and cadmium have been the most prevalent HMs that have caused human toxicity. Poisonings can be acute or chronic following exposure via water, air, or food. The bioaccumulation of these HMs results in a variety of toxic effects on various tissues and organs. Comparing the mechanisms of action reveals that these metals induce toxicity via similar pathways, including the production of reactive oxygen species, the inactivation of enzymes, and oxidative stress. The conventional techniques employed for the elimination of HMs are deemed inadequate when the HM concentration is less than 100 mg/L. In addition, these methods exhibit certain limitations, including the production of secondary pollutants, a high demand for energy and chemicals, and reduced cost-effectiveness. As a result, the employment of microbial bioremediation for the purpose of HM detoxification has emerged as a viable solution, given that microorganisms, including fungi and bacteria, exhibit superior biosorption and bio-accumulation capabilities. This review deals with HM uptake and toxicity mechanisms associated with HMs, and will increase our knowledge on their toxic effects on the body organs, leading to better management of metal poisoning. This review aims to enhance comprehension and offer sources for the judicious selection of microbial remediation technology for the detoxification of HMs. Microbial-based solutions that are sustainable could potentially offer crucial and cost-effective methods for reducing the toxicity of HMs.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/7/580heavy metalsbioremediationheavy metals toxicitybiosorptionbiomineralizationbiotransformation |
| spellingShingle | Manar K. Abd Elnabi Nehal E. Elkaliny Maha M. Elyazied Shimaa H. Azab Shawky A. Elkhalifa Sohaila Elmasry Moustafa S. Mouhamed Ebrahim M. Shalamesh Naira A. Alhorieny Abeer E. Abd Elaty Ibrahim M. Elgendy Alaa E. Etman Kholod E. Saad Konstantina Tsigkou Sameh S. Ali Michael Kornaros Yehia A.-G. Mahmoud Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Recent Advances in Their Removal: A Review Toxics heavy metals bioremediation heavy metals toxicity biosorption biomineralization biotransformation |
| title | Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Recent Advances in Their Removal: A Review |
| title_full | Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Recent Advances in Their Removal: A Review |
| title_fullStr | Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Recent Advances in Their Removal: A Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Recent Advances in Their Removal: A Review |
| title_short | Toxicity of Heavy Metals and Recent Advances in Their Removal: A Review |
| title_sort | toxicity of heavy metals and recent advances in their removal a review |
| topic | heavy metals bioremediation heavy metals toxicity biosorption biomineralization biotransformation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/7/580 |
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