A Review: Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Technologies for Detection of Aflatoxins in Foods
As a class of mycotoxins with regulatory and public health significance, aflatoxins (e.g., aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, G<sub>1</sub> and G<sub>2</sub>) have attracted unparalleled attention from government, academia and industry due to thei...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-08-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/9/539 |
| _version_ | 1827708301934067712 |
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| author | Kai Zhang Kaushik Banerjee |
| author_facet | Kai Zhang Kaushik Banerjee |
| author_sort | Kai Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As a class of mycotoxins with regulatory and public health significance, aflatoxins (e.g., aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, G<sub>1</sub> and G<sub>2</sub>) have attracted unparalleled attention from government, academia and industry due to their chronic and acute toxicity. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of various <i>Aspergillus</i> species, which are ubiquitous in the environment and can grow on a variety of crops whereby accumulation is impacted by climate influences. Consumption of foods and feeds contaminated by aflatoxins are hazardous to human and animal health, hence the detection and quantification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds is a priority from the viewpoint of food safety. Since the first purification and identification of aflatoxins from feeds in the 1960s, there have been continuous efforts to develop sensitive and rapid methods for the determination of aflatoxins. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on advances in aflatoxins analysis and highlights the importance of sample pretreatments, homogenization and various cleanup strategies used in the determination of aflatoxins. The use of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and immunoaffinity column clean-up (IAC) and dilute and shoot for enhancing extraction efficiency and clean-up are discussed. Furthermore, the analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) are compared in terms of identification, quantitation and throughput. Lastly, with the emergence of new techniques, the review culminates with prospects of promising technologies for aflatoxin analysis in the foreseeable future. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:01:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3cb89847abbd470c9b4c531f6508c429 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T17:01:44Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-3cb89847abbd470c9b4c531f6508c4292023-11-20T10:56:12ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512020-08-0112953910.3390/toxins12090539A Review: Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Technologies for Detection of Aflatoxins in FoodsKai Zhang0Kaushik Banerjee1US Food and Drug Administration/Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, MD 20740, USANational Reference Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune 412307, IndiaAs a class of mycotoxins with regulatory and public health significance, aflatoxins (e.g., aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub>, B<sub>2</sub>, G<sub>1</sub> and G<sub>2</sub>) have attracted unparalleled attention from government, academia and industry due to their chronic and acute toxicity. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of various <i>Aspergillus</i> species, which are ubiquitous in the environment and can grow on a variety of crops whereby accumulation is impacted by climate influences. Consumption of foods and feeds contaminated by aflatoxins are hazardous to human and animal health, hence the detection and quantification of aflatoxins in foods and feeds is a priority from the viewpoint of food safety. Since the first purification and identification of aflatoxins from feeds in the 1960s, there have been continuous efforts to develop sensitive and rapid methods for the determination of aflatoxins. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview on advances in aflatoxins analysis and highlights the importance of sample pretreatments, homogenization and various cleanup strategies used in the determination of aflatoxins. The use of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and immunoaffinity column clean-up (IAC) and dilute and shoot for enhancing extraction efficiency and clean-up are discussed. Furthermore, the analytical techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), mass spectrometry (MS), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) are compared in terms of identification, quantitation and throughput. Lastly, with the emergence of new techniques, the review culminates with prospects of promising technologies for aflatoxin analysis in the foreseeable future.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/9/539aflatoxinschromatographysample preparation |
| spellingShingle | Kai Zhang Kaushik Banerjee A Review: Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Technologies for Detection of Aflatoxins in Foods Toxins aflatoxins chromatography sample preparation |
| title | A Review: Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Technologies for Detection of Aflatoxins in Foods |
| title_full | A Review: Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Technologies for Detection of Aflatoxins in Foods |
| title_fullStr | A Review: Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Technologies for Detection of Aflatoxins in Foods |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review: Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Technologies for Detection of Aflatoxins in Foods |
| title_short | A Review: Sample Preparation and Chromatographic Technologies for Detection of Aflatoxins in Foods |
| title_sort | review sample preparation and chromatographic technologies for detection of aflatoxins in foods |
| topic | aflatoxins chromatography sample preparation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/9/539 |
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