The Interference of Age and Gender on Smile Characterization Analyzed on Six Parameters: A Clinical-Photographic Pilot Study
Background and <i>Objective</i>: This study aimed to evaluate six smile-esthetic parameters (deviation of the upper dental midline from the facial midline, upper lip curvature, smile line, smile arch, smile width, and shape of the maxillary central incisors), correlating them with age an...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Medicina |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/3/595 |
| _version_ | 1797610201652658176 |
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| author | Joana Cunha Gustavo Vicentis Oliveira Fernandes Juliana Campos Hasse Fernandes Pedro C. Lopes Rute Rio |
| author_facet | Joana Cunha Gustavo Vicentis Oliveira Fernandes Juliana Campos Hasse Fernandes Pedro C. Lopes Rute Rio |
| author_sort | Joana Cunha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background and <i>Objective</i>: This study aimed to evaluate six smile-esthetic parameters (deviation of the upper dental midline from the facial midline, upper lip curvature, smile line, smile arch, smile width, and shape of the maxillary central incisors), correlating them with age and gender. <i>Materials and methods</i>: Caucasian individuals (N = 114) were grouped by gender (male and female) and age (group I—18 to 30 years old; group II—31 to 50 years old; and group III—over 50 years old). Using a digital camera, extra and intraoral pictures were taken to analyze the variables above-mentioned. The data were statistically evaluated, considering a significance level of <i>p</i> < 0.05. <i>Results</i>: Most participants found deviations of the upper dental midline, straight upper lip curvature, and the medium smile line coincided with the facial midline. The parallel smile arch exposing 9 to 11 upper teeth, the absence of exposure of lower teeth when smiling, and oval upper incisors were prevalent parameters. Regarding gender, significant results were found for the curvature of the upper lip (<i>p</i> = 0.049), the smile arch (<i>p</i> = 0.001), and the shape of the upper central incisors (<i>p</i> = 0.004). For age, the association with the curvature of the upper lip (<i>p</i> = 0.032), the smile line (<i>p</i> = 0.001), the smile arch (<i>p</i> = 0.007), the width of the smile exposing lower teeth (<i>p</i> = 0.002), and the shape of the upper central incisors (0.012) were significant. <i>Conclusions</i>: Within this study’s limitations, gender and age affect the anterior teeth shape and upper lip curves; gender and age did not influence the coincidence between dental and facial midlines. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:12:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-3f835a0ec5554022a004094bd0833756 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1010-660X 1648-9144 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:12:12Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj.art-3f835a0ec5554022a004094bd08337562023-11-17T12:32:56ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X1648-91442023-03-0159359510.3390/medicina59030595The Interference of Age and Gender on Smile Characterization Analyzed on Six Parameters: A Clinical-Photographic Pilot StudyJoana Cunha0Gustavo Vicentis Oliveira Fernandes1Juliana Campos Hasse Fernandes2Pedro C. Lopes3Rute Rio4Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505 Viseu, PortugalPeriodontics and Oral Medicine Department, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAPrivate Practice, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAFaculty of Dental Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505 Viseu, PortugalFaculty of Dental Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 3504-505 Viseu, PortugalBackground and <i>Objective</i>: This study aimed to evaluate six smile-esthetic parameters (deviation of the upper dental midline from the facial midline, upper lip curvature, smile line, smile arch, smile width, and shape of the maxillary central incisors), correlating them with age and gender. <i>Materials and methods</i>: Caucasian individuals (N = 114) were grouped by gender (male and female) and age (group I—18 to 30 years old; group II—31 to 50 years old; and group III—over 50 years old). Using a digital camera, extra and intraoral pictures were taken to analyze the variables above-mentioned. The data were statistically evaluated, considering a significance level of <i>p</i> < 0.05. <i>Results</i>: Most participants found deviations of the upper dental midline, straight upper lip curvature, and the medium smile line coincided with the facial midline. The parallel smile arch exposing 9 to 11 upper teeth, the absence of exposure of lower teeth when smiling, and oval upper incisors were prevalent parameters. Regarding gender, significant results were found for the curvature of the upper lip (<i>p</i> = 0.049), the smile arch (<i>p</i> = 0.001), and the shape of the upper central incisors (<i>p</i> = 0.004). For age, the association with the curvature of the upper lip (<i>p</i> = 0.032), the smile line (<i>p</i> = 0.001), the smile arch (<i>p</i> = 0.007), the width of the smile exposing lower teeth (<i>p</i> = 0.002), and the shape of the upper central incisors (0.012) were significant. <i>Conclusions</i>: Within this study’s limitations, gender and age affect the anterior teeth shape and upper lip curves; gender and age did not influence the coincidence between dental and facial midlines.https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/3/595smilingdentistrydental estheticsaginggender identityphotography |
| spellingShingle | Joana Cunha Gustavo Vicentis Oliveira Fernandes Juliana Campos Hasse Fernandes Pedro C. Lopes Rute Rio The Interference of Age and Gender on Smile Characterization Analyzed on Six Parameters: A Clinical-Photographic Pilot Study Medicina smiling dentistry dental esthetics aging gender identity photography |
| title | The Interference of Age and Gender on Smile Characterization Analyzed on Six Parameters: A Clinical-Photographic Pilot Study |
| title_full | The Interference of Age and Gender on Smile Characterization Analyzed on Six Parameters: A Clinical-Photographic Pilot Study |
| title_fullStr | The Interference of Age and Gender on Smile Characterization Analyzed on Six Parameters: A Clinical-Photographic Pilot Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Interference of Age and Gender on Smile Characterization Analyzed on Six Parameters: A Clinical-Photographic Pilot Study |
| title_short | The Interference of Age and Gender on Smile Characterization Analyzed on Six Parameters: A Clinical-Photographic Pilot Study |
| title_sort | interference of age and gender on smile characterization analyzed on six parameters a clinical photographic pilot study |
| topic | smiling dentistry dental esthetics aging gender identity photography |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/3/595 |
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