Procedure to identify fortified foods in the Dutch branded food database
IntroductionInformation on fortified foods is needed for multiple purposes, including food consumption research and dietary advice. Branded food databases are a valuable source of food label data. European labeling legislation prescribes that food fortification should be indicated in the ingredient...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1366083/full |
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| author | Susanne Westenbrink Cyrelle J. Tenhagen Ido Toxopeus Janneke Verkaik-Kloosterman Edith J. M. Feskens Marga Ocké Marga Ocké |
| author_facet | Susanne Westenbrink Cyrelle J. Tenhagen Ido Toxopeus Janneke Verkaik-Kloosterman Edith J. M. Feskens Marga Ocké Marga Ocké |
| author_sort | Susanne Westenbrink |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionInformation on fortified foods is needed for multiple purposes, including food consumption research and dietary advice. Branded food databases are a valuable source of food label data. European labeling legislation prescribes that food fortification should be indicated in the ingredient list, and nutrient values should be declared under certain conditions. This creates the potential to identify fortified foods in branded food databases, though it is not straightforward and labor-intensive. The aim of our study was to develop an automated approach to identify fortified foods in the Dutch branded food database called LEDA.MethodsAn automated procedure, based on a stepwise approach conforming with European labeling legislation, using a list of rules and search terms, was developed to identify fortified foods. Fortification with calcium, folic acid, vitamin B12, and zinc was studied as an example. The results of a random stratified sample with fortified and not-fortified foods were validated by two experts.ResultsThe automated approach resulted in identifying 1,817 foods fortified with one or more of the selected nutrients in the LEDA dataset (0.94%). The proportions of fortified foods per nutrient were below 0.7%. The classification of fortified/non-fortified foods matched manual validation by experts for the majority of the foods in the sample, i.e., sensitivity and specificity indicating the probability of correctly identifying fortified and non-fortified foods was high (>94.0%).ConclusionThe automated approach is capable of easily and quickly identifying fortified foods in the Dutch branded food database with high accuracy, although some improvements to the automated procedure could be made. In addition, the completeness, correctness, and consistency of the LEDA database can be improved. To fully benefit from this automated approach, it needs to be expanded to cover all micronutrients that may be added to foods. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T11:36:07Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-45dca2d8f3274cb2b597c3bf8e58509a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-861X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T11:36:07Z |
| publishDate | 2024-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj.art-45dca2d8f3274cb2b597c3bf8e58509a2024-04-10T05:20:36ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2024-04-011110.3389/fnut.2024.13660831366083Procedure to identify fortified foods in the Dutch branded food databaseSusanne Westenbrink0Cyrelle J. Tenhagen1Ido Toxopeus2Janneke Verkaik-Kloosterman3Edith J. M. Feskens4Marga Ocké5Marga Ocké6National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, NetherlandsNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, NetherlandsNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, NetherlandsNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, NetherlandsDivision of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, NetherlandsDivision of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, NetherlandsIntroductionInformation on fortified foods is needed for multiple purposes, including food consumption research and dietary advice. Branded food databases are a valuable source of food label data. European labeling legislation prescribes that food fortification should be indicated in the ingredient list, and nutrient values should be declared under certain conditions. This creates the potential to identify fortified foods in branded food databases, though it is not straightforward and labor-intensive. The aim of our study was to develop an automated approach to identify fortified foods in the Dutch branded food database called LEDA.MethodsAn automated procedure, based on a stepwise approach conforming with European labeling legislation, using a list of rules and search terms, was developed to identify fortified foods. Fortification with calcium, folic acid, vitamin B12, and zinc was studied as an example. The results of a random stratified sample with fortified and not-fortified foods were validated by two experts.ResultsThe automated approach resulted in identifying 1,817 foods fortified with one or more of the selected nutrients in the LEDA dataset (0.94%). The proportions of fortified foods per nutrient were below 0.7%. The classification of fortified/non-fortified foods matched manual validation by experts for the majority of the foods in the sample, i.e., sensitivity and specificity indicating the probability of correctly identifying fortified and non-fortified foods was high (>94.0%).ConclusionThe automated approach is capable of easily and quickly identifying fortified foods in the Dutch branded food database with high accuracy, although some improvements to the automated procedure could be made. In addition, the completeness, correctness, and consistency of the LEDA database can be improved. To fully benefit from this automated approach, it needs to be expanded to cover all micronutrients that may be added to foods.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1366083/fullautomated approachbranded foodsbranded food databasedecision treefood fortificationLEDA |
| spellingShingle | Susanne Westenbrink Cyrelle J. Tenhagen Ido Toxopeus Janneke Verkaik-Kloosterman Edith J. M. Feskens Marga Ocké Marga Ocké Procedure to identify fortified foods in the Dutch branded food database Frontiers in Nutrition automated approach branded foods branded food database decision tree food fortification LEDA |
| title | Procedure to identify fortified foods in the Dutch branded food database |
| title_full | Procedure to identify fortified foods in the Dutch branded food database |
| title_fullStr | Procedure to identify fortified foods in the Dutch branded food database |
| title_full_unstemmed | Procedure to identify fortified foods in the Dutch branded food database |
| title_short | Procedure to identify fortified foods in the Dutch branded food database |
| title_sort | procedure to identify fortified foods in the dutch branded food database |
| topic | automated approach branded foods branded food database decision tree food fortification LEDA |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1366083/full |
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