Differences in the Effects of Calcium and Magnesium Ions on the Anammox Granular Properties to Alleviate Salinity Stress

Divalent cations were known to alleviate salinity stress on anammox bacteria. Understanding the mechanism of reducing the salinity stress on anammox granules is essential for the application of the anammox process for saline wastewater treatment. In this study, the effect of Ca<sup>2+</sup&...

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Main Authors: Yeonju Kim, Jaecheul Yu, Soyeon Jeong, Jeongmi Kim, Seongjae Park, Hyokwan Bae, Sung-Keun Rhee, Tatsuya Unno, Shou-Qing Ni, Taeho Lee
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-12-01
Series:Applied Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/1/19
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author Yeonju Kim
Jaecheul Yu
Soyeon Jeong
Jeongmi Kim
Seongjae Park
Hyokwan Bae
Sung-Keun Rhee
Tatsuya Unno
Shou-Qing Ni
Taeho Lee
author_facet Yeonju Kim
Jaecheul Yu
Soyeon Jeong
Jeongmi Kim
Seongjae Park
Hyokwan Bae
Sung-Keun Rhee
Tatsuya Unno
Shou-Qing Ni
Taeho Lee
author_sort Yeonju Kim
collection DOAJ
description Divalent cations were known to alleviate salinity stress on anammox bacteria. Understanding the mechanism of reducing the salinity stress on anammox granules is essential for the application of the anammox process for saline wastewater treatment. In this study, the effect of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> augmentation on the recovery of the activity of freshwater anammox granules affected by salinity stress was evaluated. At the condition of a salinity stress of 5 g NaCl/L, the specific anammox activity (SAA) of the granule decreased to 50% of that of the SAA without NaCl treatment. Augmentation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> at the optimum concentration of 200 mg/L increased the SAA up to 78% of the original activity, while the augmentation of Mg<sup>2+</sup> at the optimum concentration of 70 mg/L increased the SAA up to 71%. EPS production in the granules was increased by the augmentation of divalent cations compared with the granules affected by salinity stress. In the soluble EPS, the ratio of protein to polysaccharides was higher in the granules augmented by Ca<sup>2+</sup> than with Mg<sup>2+</sup>, and the functional groups of the EPS differed from each other. The amount of Na<sup>+</sup> sequestered in the soluble EPS was increased by the augmentation of divalent cations, which seems to contribute to the alleviation of salinity stress. Ca. <i>Kuenenia</i>-like anammox bacteria, which were known to be salinity stress-tolerant, were predominant in the granules and there was no significant difference in the microbial community of the granules by the salinity stress treatment. Our results suggest that the alleviation effect of the divalent cations on the salinity stress on the anammox granules might be associated with the increased production of different EPS rather than in changes to the anammox bacteria.
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spelling doaj.art-4819bbfc07634ce09a042333242741cb2023-11-23T11:06:22ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172021-12-011211910.3390/app12010019Differences in the Effects of Calcium and Magnesium Ions on the Anammox Granular Properties to Alleviate Salinity StressYeonju Kim0Jaecheul Yu1Soyeon Jeong2Jeongmi Kim3Seongjae Park4Hyokwan Bae5Sung-Keun Rhee6Tatsuya Unno7Shou-Qing Ni8Taeho Lee9Disaster Scientific Investigation Division, National Disaster Management Research Institute, Ulsan 44538, KoreaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaDepartment of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, KoreaFaculty of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, KoreaSchool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, ChinaDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, KoreaDivalent cations were known to alleviate salinity stress on anammox bacteria. Understanding the mechanism of reducing the salinity stress on anammox granules is essential for the application of the anammox process for saline wastewater treatment. In this study, the effect of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> augmentation on the recovery of the activity of freshwater anammox granules affected by salinity stress was evaluated. At the condition of a salinity stress of 5 g NaCl/L, the specific anammox activity (SAA) of the granule decreased to 50% of that of the SAA without NaCl treatment. Augmentation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> at the optimum concentration of 200 mg/L increased the SAA up to 78% of the original activity, while the augmentation of Mg<sup>2+</sup> at the optimum concentration of 70 mg/L increased the SAA up to 71%. EPS production in the granules was increased by the augmentation of divalent cations compared with the granules affected by salinity stress. In the soluble EPS, the ratio of protein to polysaccharides was higher in the granules augmented by Ca<sup>2+</sup> than with Mg<sup>2+</sup>, and the functional groups of the EPS differed from each other. The amount of Na<sup>+</sup> sequestered in the soluble EPS was increased by the augmentation of divalent cations, which seems to contribute to the alleviation of salinity stress. Ca. <i>Kuenenia</i>-like anammox bacteria, which were known to be salinity stress-tolerant, were predominant in the granules and there was no significant difference in the microbial community of the granules by the salinity stress treatment. Our results suggest that the alleviation effect of the divalent cations on the salinity stress on the anammox granules might be associated with the increased production of different EPS rather than in changes to the anammox bacteria.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/1/19anammoxcationEPSgranuleSAAsalinity stress
spellingShingle Yeonju Kim
Jaecheul Yu
Soyeon Jeong
Jeongmi Kim
Seongjae Park
Hyokwan Bae
Sung-Keun Rhee
Tatsuya Unno
Shou-Qing Ni
Taeho Lee
Differences in the Effects of Calcium and Magnesium Ions on the Anammox Granular Properties to Alleviate Salinity Stress
Applied Sciences
anammox
cation
EPS
granule
SAA
salinity stress
title Differences in the Effects of Calcium and Magnesium Ions on the Anammox Granular Properties to Alleviate Salinity Stress
title_full Differences in the Effects of Calcium and Magnesium Ions on the Anammox Granular Properties to Alleviate Salinity Stress
title_fullStr Differences in the Effects of Calcium and Magnesium Ions on the Anammox Granular Properties to Alleviate Salinity Stress
title_full_unstemmed Differences in the Effects of Calcium and Magnesium Ions on the Anammox Granular Properties to Alleviate Salinity Stress
title_short Differences in the Effects of Calcium and Magnesium Ions on the Anammox Granular Properties to Alleviate Salinity Stress
title_sort differences in the effects of calcium and magnesium ions on the anammox granular properties to alleviate salinity stress
topic anammox
cation
EPS
granule
SAA
salinity stress
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/12/1/19
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