Computed tomographic reference ranges of intrathoracic caudal vena cava ratios in sedated adult dogs without cardiac, pulmonary, or hypovolemic disease
Abstract Background Radiographic assessment of the intrathoracic caudal vena cava (CVC) is commonly used to evaluate hemodynamic status in veterinary patients without and with pulmonary, pericardial, or right‐sided cardiac diseases. Many of these patients are now commonly evaluated with computed tom...
Main Authors: | , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Wiley
2024-07-01
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Series: | Veterinary Medicine and Science |
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Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.1510 |