Intolerance of uncertainty fuels preservice teachers’ smartphone dependence through rumination and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study
Objectives: We aimed to explore the relationship among intolerance of uncertainty (IU), rumination, anxiety, and smartphone dependence (SPD) in preservice teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Two cross-sectional studies were conducted with Chinese preservice teachers, using questionnaires...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-07-01
|
| Series: | Heliyon |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023050065 |
| _version_ | 1797771491999219712 |
|---|---|
| author | Sensen Zhang Shaohong Yong Yulun Tang He Feng Luan Chen Linlin Zhang Yanli Deng Jiatai Chen |
| author_facet | Sensen Zhang Shaohong Yong Yulun Tang He Feng Luan Chen Linlin Zhang Yanli Deng Jiatai Chen |
| author_sort | Sensen Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Objectives: We aimed to explore the relationship among intolerance of uncertainty (IU), rumination, anxiety, and smartphone dependence (SPD) in preservice teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Two cross-sectional studies were conducted with Chinese preservice teachers, using questionnaires on IU, rumination, anxiety, and SPD. Data were analyzed using AMOS 24.0 and SPSS 25.0, and the mediating mechanism was tested using the macro program Model 6. Study 1 recruited participants who were forcibly sequestered in a university due to an anti-epidemic policy during the COVID-19 crisis. Study 2 was surveyed online from different universities to replicate and enhance the reliability of Study 1 finding. Results: Study 1 (N = 553, Mage = 20.8 ± 2.3, 30.0% female) and Study 2 (N = 1610, Mage = 21.1 ± 2.1, 51.4% female) both found that IU affected SPD through the independent mediators of rumination and anxiety, as well as the chain mediation of rumination→ anxiety. In Study 1, the indirect effect of IU on SPD was significant through rumination (β = 0.16, 95% CI [0.03, 0.06]), anxiety (β = 0.11, 95% CI [0.03, 0.06]), and the chain mediation (β = 0.02, 95% CI [0.01, 0.04]); in Study 2, the indirect effect of IU on SPD was significant through rumination (β = 0.08, 95% CI [0.05, 0.11]), anxiety (β = 0.10, 95% CI [0.08, 0.13]), and the chain mediation (β = 0.02, 95% CI [0.02, 0.03]). Conclusion: Two cross-sectional studies found that preservice teachers’ SPD is indirectly connected to IU, mediated by rumination and anxiety, and weakly mediated by the chain mediation of rumination and anxiety. Our findings may help educators understand the impact of anti-epidemic policies on preservice teachers and possible inclusive later interventions. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-12T21:38:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-52d42dea7b1c4e279165a9f6d9376a87 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-12T21:38:22Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj.art-52d42dea7b1c4e279165a9f6d9376a872023-07-27T05:57:29ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402023-07-0197e17798Intolerance of uncertainty fuels preservice teachers’ smartphone dependence through rumination and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional studySensen Zhang0Shaohong Yong1Yulun Tang2He Feng3Luan Chen4Linlin Zhang5Yanli Deng6Jiatai Chen7Institute of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, ChinaInstitute of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China; Corresponding author.Institute of Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, ChinaGuangxi Vocational College of Safety Engineering, Nanning, ChinaNingxia Preschool Education College, Yinchuan, ChinaYuanjiang People's Court, Yiyang, ChinaLangshui Town Council, Yulin, ChinaBusiness School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UKObjectives: We aimed to explore the relationship among intolerance of uncertainty (IU), rumination, anxiety, and smartphone dependence (SPD) in preservice teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Two cross-sectional studies were conducted with Chinese preservice teachers, using questionnaires on IU, rumination, anxiety, and SPD. Data were analyzed using AMOS 24.0 and SPSS 25.0, and the mediating mechanism was tested using the macro program Model 6. Study 1 recruited participants who were forcibly sequestered in a university due to an anti-epidemic policy during the COVID-19 crisis. Study 2 was surveyed online from different universities to replicate and enhance the reliability of Study 1 finding. Results: Study 1 (N = 553, Mage = 20.8 ± 2.3, 30.0% female) and Study 2 (N = 1610, Mage = 21.1 ± 2.1, 51.4% female) both found that IU affected SPD through the independent mediators of rumination and anxiety, as well as the chain mediation of rumination→ anxiety. In Study 1, the indirect effect of IU on SPD was significant through rumination (β = 0.16, 95% CI [0.03, 0.06]), anxiety (β = 0.11, 95% CI [0.03, 0.06]), and the chain mediation (β = 0.02, 95% CI [0.01, 0.04]); in Study 2, the indirect effect of IU on SPD was significant through rumination (β = 0.08, 95% CI [0.05, 0.11]), anxiety (β = 0.10, 95% CI [0.08, 0.13]), and the chain mediation (β = 0.02, 95% CI [0.02, 0.03]). Conclusion: Two cross-sectional studies found that preservice teachers’ SPD is indirectly connected to IU, mediated by rumination and anxiety, and weakly mediated by the chain mediation of rumination and anxiety. Our findings may help educators understand the impact of anti-epidemic policies on preservice teachers and possible inclusive later interventions.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023050065Intolerance of uncertaintyRuminationAnxietySmartphone dependencePreservice teacher |
| spellingShingle | Sensen Zhang Shaohong Yong Yulun Tang He Feng Luan Chen Linlin Zhang Yanli Deng Jiatai Chen Intolerance of uncertainty fuels preservice teachers’ smartphone dependence through rumination and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study Heliyon Intolerance of uncertainty Rumination Anxiety Smartphone dependence Preservice teacher |
| title | Intolerance of uncertainty fuels preservice teachers’ smartphone dependence through rumination and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study |
| title_full | Intolerance of uncertainty fuels preservice teachers’ smartphone dependence through rumination and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study |
| title_fullStr | Intolerance of uncertainty fuels preservice teachers’ smartphone dependence through rumination and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intolerance of uncertainty fuels preservice teachers’ smartphone dependence through rumination and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study |
| title_short | Intolerance of uncertainty fuels preservice teachers’ smartphone dependence through rumination and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study |
| title_sort | intolerance of uncertainty fuels preservice teachers smartphone dependence through rumination and anxiety during the covid 19 pandemic a cross sectional study |
| topic | Intolerance of uncertainty Rumination Anxiety Smartphone dependence Preservice teacher |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844023050065 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sensenzhang intoleranceofuncertaintyfuelspreserviceteacherssmartphonedependencethroughruminationandanxietyduringthecovid19pandemicacrosssectionalstudy AT shaohongyong intoleranceofuncertaintyfuelspreserviceteacherssmartphonedependencethroughruminationandanxietyduringthecovid19pandemicacrosssectionalstudy AT yuluntang intoleranceofuncertaintyfuelspreserviceteacherssmartphonedependencethroughruminationandanxietyduringthecovid19pandemicacrosssectionalstudy AT hefeng intoleranceofuncertaintyfuelspreserviceteacherssmartphonedependencethroughruminationandanxietyduringthecovid19pandemicacrosssectionalstudy AT luanchen intoleranceofuncertaintyfuelspreserviceteacherssmartphonedependencethroughruminationandanxietyduringthecovid19pandemicacrosssectionalstudy AT linlinzhang intoleranceofuncertaintyfuelspreserviceteacherssmartphonedependencethroughruminationandanxietyduringthecovid19pandemicacrosssectionalstudy AT yanlideng intoleranceofuncertaintyfuelspreserviceteacherssmartphonedependencethroughruminationandanxietyduringthecovid19pandemicacrosssectionalstudy AT jiataichen intoleranceofuncertaintyfuelspreserviceteacherssmartphonedependencethroughruminationandanxietyduringthecovid19pandemicacrosssectionalstudy |