IL6 suppresses vaccine responses in neonates by enhancing IL2 activity on T follicular helper cells
Abstract The inability of neonates to develop CD4+FoxP3-CXCR5hiPD-1hi T follicular helper (TFH) cells contributes to their weak vaccine responses. In previous studies, we measured diminished IgG responses when IL-6 was co-injected with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in neonatal mice. This is...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2023-11-01
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| Series: | npj Vaccines |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-023-00764-1 |
| _version_ | 1797630448101228544 |
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| author | Swetha Parvathaneni Jiyeon Yang Leda Lotspeich-Cole Jiro Sakai Robert C. Lee Mustafa Akkoyunlu |
| author_facet | Swetha Parvathaneni Jiyeon Yang Leda Lotspeich-Cole Jiro Sakai Robert C. Lee Mustafa Akkoyunlu |
| author_sort | Swetha Parvathaneni |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The inability of neonates to develop CD4+FoxP3-CXCR5hiPD-1hi T follicular helper (TFH) cells contributes to their weak vaccine responses. In previous studies, we measured diminished IgG responses when IL-6 was co-injected with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in neonatal mice. This is in sharp contrast to adults, where IL-6 improves vaccine responses by downregulating the expression of IL-2Rβ on TFH cells and protecting them from the inhibitory effect of IL-2. In this study, we found that splenic IL-6 levels rapidly increased in both adult and neonatal mice following immunization, but the increase in neonatal mice was significantly more than that of adult mice. Moreover, immunized neonatal TFH cells expressed significantly more IL-2 as well as its receptors, IL-2Rα and IL-2Rβ, than the adult cells. Remarkably, IL-6 co-injection with PCV vaccine further increased the production of IL-2 and the expression of its receptors by neonatal TFH cells, whereas excess IL-6 had totally opposite effect in immunized adult mice. Underscoring the role of IL-6 in activating the IL-2 mediated suppression of vaccine responses, immunization of IL-6 knock-out neonates led to improved antibody responses accompanied by expanded TFH cells as well as lower levels of IL-2 and IL-2 receptors on TFH cells. Moreover, CpG containing PCV improved TFH response in neonates by suppressing the expression of IL-2 receptors on TFH cells and inhibiting IL-2 activity. These findings unveil age-specific differences in IL-6 mediated vaccine responses and highlight the need to consider age-related immunobiological attributes in designing vaccines. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:08:23Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-547b0ef20a034156a5a9968004728ce4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2059-0105 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:08:23Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | npj Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-547b0ef20a034156a5a9968004728ce42023-11-12T12:05:57ZengNature Portfolionpj Vaccines2059-01052023-11-018111210.1038/s41541-023-00764-1IL6 suppresses vaccine responses in neonates by enhancing IL2 activity on T follicular helper cellsSwetha Parvathaneni0Jiyeon Yang1Leda Lotspeich-Cole2Jiro Sakai3Robert C. Lee4Mustafa Akkoyunlu5US FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAPUS FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAPUS FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAPUS FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAPUS FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAPUS FDA/CBER/OVRR/DBPAPAbstract The inability of neonates to develop CD4+FoxP3-CXCR5hiPD-1hi T follicular helper (TFH) cells contributes to their weak vaccine responses. In previous studies, we measured diminished IgG responses when IL-6 was co-injected with a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) in neonatal mice. This is in sharp contrast to adults, where IL-6 improves vaccine responses by downregulating the expression of IL-2Rβ on TFH cells and protecting them from the inhibitory effect of IL-2. In this study, we found that splenic IL-6 levels rapidly increased in both adult and neonatal mice following immunization, but the increase in neonatal mice was significantly more than that of adult mice. Moreover, immunized neonatal TFH cells expressed significantly more IL-2 as well as its receptors, IL-2Rα and IL-2Rβ, than the adult cells. Remarkably, IL-6 co-injection with PCV vaccine further increased the production of IL-2 and the expression of its receptors by neonatal TFH cells, whereas excess IL-6 had totally opposite effect in immunized adult mice. Underscoring the role of IL-6 in activating the IL-2 mediated suppression of vaccine responses, immunization of IL-6 knock-out neonates led to improved antibody responses accompanied by expanded TFH cells as well as lower levels of IL-2 and IL-2 receptors on TFH cells. Moreover, CpG containing PCV improved TFH response in neonates by suppressing the expression of IL-2 receptors on TFH cells and inhibiting IL-2 activity. These findings unveil age-specific differences in IL-6 mediated vaccine responses and highlight the need to consider age-related immunobiological attributes in designing vaccines.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-023-00764-1 |
| spellingShingle | Swetha Parvathaneni Jiyeon Yang Leda Lotspeich-Cole Jiro Sakai Robert C. Lee Mustafa Akkoyunlu IL6 suppresses vaccine responses in neonates by enhancing IL2 activity on T follicular helper cells npj Vaccines |
| title | IL6 suppresses vaccine responses in neonates by enhancing IL2 activity on T follicular helper cells |
| title_full | IL6 suppresses vaccine responses in neonates by enhancing IL2 activity on T follicular helper cells |
| title_fullStr | IL6 suppresses vaccine responses in neonates by enhancing IL2 activity on T follicular helper cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | IL6 suppresses vaccine responses in neonates by enhancing IL2 activity on T follicular helper cells |
| title_short | IL6 suppresses vaccine responses in neonates by enhancing IL2 activity on T follicular helper cells |
| title_sort | il6 suppresses vaccine responses in neonates by enhancing il2 activity on t follicular helper cells |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-023-00764-1 |
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