Increased Intake of Both Caffeine and Non-Caffeine Coffee Components Is Associated with Reduced NAFLD Severity in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes
Coffee may protect against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the roles of the caffeine and non-caffeine components are unclear. Coffee intake by 156 overweight subjects (87% with Type-2-Diabetes, T2D) was assessed via a questionnaire, with 98 subjects (all T2D) also providing a 24 h uri...
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/1/4 |
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| author | Margarida Coelho Rita S. Patarrão Inês Sousa-Lima Rogério T. Ribeiro Maria João Meneses Rita Andrade Vera M. Mendes Bruno Manadas João Filipe Raposo M. Paula Macedo John G. Jones |
| author_facet | Margarida Coelho Rita S. Patarrão Inês Sousa-Lima Rogério T. Ribeiro Maria João Meneses Rita Andrade Vera M. Mendes Bruno Manadas João Filipe Raposo M. Paula Macedo John G. Jones |
| author_sort | Margarida Coelho |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Coffee may protect against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the roles of the caffeine and non-caffeine components are unclear. Coffee intake by 156 overweight subjects (87% with Type-2-Diabetes, T2D) was assessed via a questionnaire, with 98 subjects (all T2D) also providing a 24 h urine sample for quantification of coffee metabolites by LC–MS/MS. NAFLD was characterized by the fatty liver index (FLI) and by Fibroscan<sup>®</sup> assessment of fibrosis. No associations were found between self-reported coffee intake and NAFLD parameters; however, total urine caffeine metabolites, defined as Σ<sub>caffeine</sub> (caffeine + paraxanthine + theophylline), and adjusted for fat-free body mass, were significantly higher for subjects with no liver fibrosis than for those with fibrosis. Total non-caffeine metabolites, defined as Σ<sub>ncm</sub> (trigonelline + caffeic acid + <i>p</i>-coumaric acid), showed a significant negative association with the FLI. Multiple regression analyses for overweight/obese T2D subjects (n = 89) showed that both Σ<sub>caffeine</sub> and Σ<sub>ncm</sub> were negatively associated with the FLI, after adjusting for age, sex, Hb<sub>A1c</sub>, ethanol intake and glomerular filtration rate. The theophylline fraction of Σ<sub>caffeine</sub> was significantly increased with both fibrosis and the FLI, possibly reflecting elevated CYP2E1 activity—a hallmark of NAFLD worsening. Thus, for overweight/obese T2D patients, higher intake of both caffeine and non-caffeine coffee components is associated with less severe NAFLD. Caffeine metabolites represent novel markers of NAFLD progression. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:43:33Z |
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| id | doaj.art-56810c16aca34c769c95200f1e1f55bb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T09:43:33Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-56810c16aca34c769c95200f1e1f55bb2023-12-02T00:45:19ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432022-12-01151410.3390/nu15010004Increased Intake of Both Caffeine and Non-Caffeine Coffee Components Is Associated with Reduced NAFLD Severity in Subjects with Type 2 DiabetesMargarida Coelho0Rita S. Patarrão1Inês Sousa-Lima2Rogério T. Ribeiro3Maria João Meneses4Rita Andrade5Vera M. Mendes6Bruno Manadas7João Filipe Raposo8M. Paula Macedo9John G. Jones10CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, PortugaliNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School-Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS-FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, PortugaliNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School-Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS-FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, PortugalAPDP-Diabetes Portugal, Education and Research Center, 1250-189 Lisbon, PortugaliNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School-Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS-FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, PortugalAPDP-Diabetes Portugal, Education and Research Center, 1250-189 Lisbon, PortugalCNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, PortugalCNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, PortugalAPDP-Diabetes Portugal, Education and Research Center, 1250-189 Lisbon, PortugaliNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School-Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS-FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, PortugalCNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, PortugalCoffee may protect against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the roles of the caffeine and non-caffeine components are unclear. Coffee intake by 156 overweight subjects (87% with Type-2-Diabetes, T2D) was assessed via a questionnaire, with 98 subjects (all T2D) also providing a 24 h urine sample for quantification of coffee metabolites by LC–MS/MS. NAFLD was characterized by the fatty liver index (FLI) and by Fibroscan<sup>®</sup> assessment of fibrosis. No associations were found between self-reported coffee intake and NAFLD parameters; however, total urine caffeine metabolites, defined as Σ<sub>caffeine</sub> (caffeine + paraxanthine + theophylline), and adjusted for fat-free body mass, were significantly higher for subjects with no liver fibrosis than for those with fibrosis. Total non-caffeine metabolites, defined as Σ<sub>ncm</sub> (trigonelline + caffeic acid + <i>p</i>-coumaric acid), showed a significant negative association with the FLI. Multiple regression analyses for overweight/obese T2D subjects (n = 89) showed that both Σ<sub>caffeine</sub> and Σ<sub>ncm</sub> were negatively associated with the FLI, after adjusting for age, sex, Hb<sub>A1c</sub>, ethanol intake and glomerular filtration rate. The theophylline fraction of Σ<sub>caffeine</sub> was significantly increased with both fibrosis and the FLI, possibly reflecting elevated CYP2E1 activity—a hallmark of NAFLD worsening. Thus, for overweight/obese T2D patients, higher intake of both caffeine and non-caffeine coffee components is associated with less severe NAFLD. Caffeine metabolites represent novel markers of NAFLD progression.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/1/4non-alcoholic fatty liver diseasefatty liver indextype 2 diabetescaffeinefibrosis |
| spellingShingle | Margarida Coelho Rita S. Patarrão Inês Sousa-Lima Rogério T. Ribeiro Maria João Meneses Rita Andrade Vera M. Mendes Bruno Manadas João Filipe Raposo M. Paula Macedo John G. Jones Increased Intake of Both Caffeine and Non-Caffeine Coffee Components Is Associated with Reduced NAFLD Severity in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Nutrients non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fatty liver index type 2 diabetes caffeine fibrosis |
| title | Increased Intake of Both Caffeine and Non-Caffeine Coffee Components Is Associated with Reduced NAFLD Severity in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_full | Increased Intake of Both Caffeine and Non-Caffeine Coffee Components Is Associated with Reduced NAFLD Severity in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_fullStr | Increased Intake of Both Caffeine and Non-Caffeine Coffee Components Is Associated with Reduced NAFLD Severity in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Increased Intake of Both Caffeine and Non-Caffeine Coffee Components Is Associated with Reduced NAFLD Severity in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_short | Increased Intake of Both Caffeine and Non-Caffeine Coffee Components Is Associated with Reduced NAFLD Severity in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_sort | increased intake of both caffeine and non caffeine coffee components is associated with reduced nafld severity in subjects with type 2 diabetes |
| topic | non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fatty liver index type 2 diabetes caffeine fibrosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/1/4 |
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