Self-Reported Olfactory Dysfunction and Diet Quality: Findings from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
We identified associations between self-reported olfactory dysfunction (OD) and dietary attributes in participants aged ≥40 years (<i>n</i> = 6,356) from the nationally representative 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The chemosensory questionnaire and...
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MDPI AG
2021-12-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/12/4561 |
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| author | Shristi Rawal Valerie B. Duffy Lauren Berube John E. Hayes Ashima K. Kant Chuan-Ming Li Barry I. Graubard Howard J. Hoffman |
| author_facet | Shristi Rawal Valerie B. Duffy Lauren Berube John E. Hayes Ashima K. Kant Chuan-Ming Li Barry I. Graubard Howard J. Hoffman |
| author_sort | Shristi Rawal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We identified associations between self-reported olfactory dysfunction (OD) and dietary attributes in participants aged ≥40 years (<i>n</i> = 6,356) from the nationally representative 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The chemosensory questionnaire and 24-h dietary recalls were administered by trained interviewers. OD was defined as self-report of either smell problems in the last year, worse smell relative to age 25, or perceiving phantom odors. Dietary outcomes included Healthy Eating Index 2015 score (HEI) with adequacy and moderation components (higher scores indicated higher diet quality), dietary diversity, energy density, and intake of major food groups. Survey-weighted linear regression models estimated OD–diet associations, adjusting for socio-demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors. Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) between those with versus without OD, showed that adults with OD had significantly lower HEI moderation score (−0.67 (−1.22, −0.11)) and diets higher in energy density (0.06 (0.00, 0.11)), and percent energy from saturated fat (0.47 (0.12, 0.81)), total fat (0.96 (0.22, 1.70)), and added sugar (1.00 (0.33, 1.66)). Age and sex-stratified analyses showed that younger females (40–64 years) primarily accounted for the associations with diet quality and total/saturated fat intake. These findings inform dietary screening and recommendations for adults who report OD, including those experiencing transient or persistent smell loss with COVID-19. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:22:25Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:22:25Z |
| publishDate | 2021-12-01 |
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| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-5e7dc76e20e54dd6b7c6200d9fc3beec2023-11-23T09:59:27ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432021-12-011312456110.3390/nu13124561Self-Reported Olfactory Dysfunction and Diet Quality: Findings from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)Shristi Rawal0Valerie B. Duffy1Lauren Berube2John E. Hayes3Ashima K. Kant4Chuan-Ming Li5Barry I. Graubard6Howard J. Hoffman7Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences, Rutgers School of Health Professions, 65 Bergen Str., Newark, NJ 07107-1709, USADepartment of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, 358 Mansfield Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USADepartment of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USASensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USAEpidemiology and Statistics Program, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USADivision of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USAEpidemiology and Statistics Program, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USAWe identified associations between self-reported olfactory dysfunction (OD) and dietary attributes in participants aged ≥40 years (<i>n</i> = 6,356) from the nationally representative 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The chemosensory questionnaire and 24-h dietary recalls were administered by trained interviewers. OD was defined as self-report of either smell problems in the last year, worse smell relative to age 25, or perceiving phantom odors. Dietary outcomes included Healthy Eating Index 2015 score (HEI) with adequacy and moderation components (higher scores indicated higher diet quality), dietary diversity, energy density, and intake of major food groups. Survey-weighted linear regression models estimated OD–diet associations, adjusting for socio-demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors. Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) between those with versus without OD, showed that adults with OD had significantly lower HEI moderation score (−0.67 (−1.22, −0.11)) and diets higher in energy density (0.06 (0.00, 0.11)), and percent energy from saturated fat (0.47 (0.12, 0.81)), total fat (0.96 (0.22, 1.70)), and added sugar (1.00 (0.33, 1.66)). Age and sex-stratified analyses showed that younger females (40–64 years) primarily accounted for the associations with diet quality and total/saturated fat intake. These findings inform dietary screening and recommendations for adults who report OD, including those experiencing transient or persistent smell loss with COVID-19.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/12/4561olfactiondiet qualityenergy densitydietary diversityanosmiahyposmia |
| spellingShingle | Shristi Rawal Valerie B. Duffy Lauren Berube John E. Hayes Ashima K. Kant Chuan-Ming Li Barry I. Graubard Howard J. Hoffman Self-Reported Olfactory Dysfunction and Diet Quality: Findings from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Nutrients olfaction diet quality energy density dietary diversity anosmia hyposmia |
| title | Self-Reported Olfactory Dysfunction and Diet Quality: Findings from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) |
| title_full | Self-Reported Olfactory Dysfunction and Diet Quality: Findings from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) |
| title_fullStr | Self-Reported Olfactory Dysfunction and Diet Quality: Findings from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Self-Reported Olfactory Dysfunction and Diet Quality: Findings from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) |
| title_short | Self-Reported Olfactory Dysfunction and Diet Quality: Findings from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) |
| title_sort | self reported olfactory dysfunction and diet quality findings from the 2011 2014 national health and nutrition examination survey nhanes |
| topic | olfaction diet quality energy density dietary diversity anosmia hyposmia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/12/4561 |
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