In Silico Investigation of AKT2 Gene and Protein Abnormalities Reveals Potential Association with Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) develops from insulin resistance (IR) and the dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells. The AKT2 protein is very important for the protein signaling pathway, and the non-synonymous SNP (nsSNPs) in AKT2 gene may be associated with T2D. nsSNPs can result in alterations in protein sta...
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MDPI AG
2023-09-01
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| Series: | Current Issues in Molecular Biology |
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| author | M. E. Elangeeb Imadeldin Elfaki M. A. Elkhalifa Khalid M. Adam A. O. Alameen Ahmed Kamaleldin Elfadl Ibrahim Altedlawi Albalawi Kholoud S. Almasoudi Reema Almotairi Basim S. O. Alsaedi Marwan H. Alhelali Mohammad Muzaffar Mir Dnyanesh Amle Rashid Mir |
| author_facet | M. E. Elangeeb Imadeldin Elfaki M. A. Elkhalifa Khalid M. Adam A. O. Alameen Ahmed Kamaleldin Elfadl Ibrahim Altedlawi Albalawi Kholoud S. Almasoudi Reema Almotairi Basim S. O. Alsaedi Marwan H. Alhelali Mohammad Muzaffar Mir Dnyanesh Amle Rashid Mir |
| author_sort | M. E. Elangeeb |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Type 2 diabetes (T2D) develops from insulin resistance (IR) and the dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells. The AKT2 protein is very important for the protein signaling pathway, and the non-synonymous SNP (nsSNPs) in AKT2 gene may be associated with T2D. nsSNPs can result in alterations in protein stability, enzymatic activity, or binding specificity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nsSNPs on the AKT2 protein structure and function that may result in the induction of IR and T2D. The study identified 20 variants that were considered to be the most deleterious based on a range of analytical tools included (SIFT, PolyPhen2, Mut-pred, SNAP2, PANTHER, PhD-SNP, SNP&Go, MUpro, Cosurf, and I-Mut). Two mutations, p.A179T and p.L183Q, were selected for further investigation based on their location within the protein as determined by PyMol. The results indicated that mutations, p.A179T and p.L183Q alter the protein stability and functional characteristics, which could potentially affect its function. In order to conduct a more in-depth analysis of these effects, a molecular dynamics simulation was performed for wildtype AKT2 and the two mutants (p.A179T and p.L183Q). The simulation evaluated various parameters, including temperature, pressure, density, RMSD, RMSF, SASA, and Region, over a period of 100 ps. According to the simulation results, the wildtype AKT2 protein demonstrated higher stability in comparison to the mutant variants. The mutations p.A179T and p.L183Q were found to cause a reduction in both protein stability and functionality. These findings underscore the significance of the effects of nsSNPs (mutations p.A179T and p.L183Q) on the structure and function of AKT2 that may lead to IR and T2D. Nevertheless, they require further verifications in future protein functional, protein–protein interaction, and large-scale case–control studies. When verified, these results will help in the identification and stratification of individuals who are at risk of IR and T2D for the purpose of prevention and treatment. |
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| spelling | doaj.art-5f270beb5b414386aed7406f5084e35e2023-11-19T10:05:02ZengMDPI AGCurrent Issues in Molecular Biology1467-30371467-30452023-09-014597449747510.3390/cimb45090471In Silico Investigation of AKT2 Gene and Protein Abnormalities Reveals Potential Association with Insulin Resistance and Type 2 DiabetesM. E. Elangeeb0Imadeldin Elfaki1M. A. Elkhalifa2Khalid M. Adam3A. O. Alameen4Ahmed Kamaleldin Elfadl5Ibrahim Altedlawi Albalawi6Kholoud S. Almasoudi7Reema Almotairi8Basim S. O. Alsaedi9Marwan H. Alhelali10Mohammad Muzaffar Mir11Dnyanesh Amle12Rashid Mir13Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Alahssa 31982, Saudi ArabiaVeterinary Research Section, Ministry of Municipality, Doha P.O. Box 35081, QatarDepartment of Surgical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Lab Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Medical Lab Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Statistics, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Statistics, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 47512, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur 441108, IndiaDepartment of Medical Lab Technology, Prince Fahad Bin Sultan Chair for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi ArabiaType 2 diabetes (T2D) develops from insulin resistance (IR) and the dysfunction of pancreatic beta cells. The AKT2 protein is very important for the protein signaling pathway, and the non-synonymous SNP (nsSNPs) in AKT2 gene may be associated with T2D. nsSNPs can result in alterations in protein stability, enzymatic activity, or binding specificity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of nsSNPs on the AKT2 protein structure and function that may result in the induction of IR and T2D. The study identified 20 variants that were considered to be the most deleterious based on a range of analytical tools included (SIFT, PolyPhen2, Mut-pred, SNAP2, PANTHER, PhD-SNP, SNP&Go, MUpro, Cosurf, and I-Mut). Two mutations, p.A179T and p.L183Q, were selected for further investigation based on their location within the protein as determined by PyMol. The results indicated that mutations, p.A179T and p.L183Q alter the protein stability and functional characteristics, which could potentially affect its function. In order to conduct a more in-depth analysis of these effects, a molecular dynamics simulation was performed for wildtype AKT2 and the two mutants (p.A179T and p.L183Q). The simulation evaluated various parameters, including temperature, pressure, density, RMSD, RMSF, SASA, and Region, over a period of 100 ps. According to the simulation results, the wildtype AKT2 protein demonstrated higher stability in comparison to the mutant variants. The mutations p.A179T and p.L183Q were found to cause a reduction in both protein stability and functionality. These findings underscore the significance of the effects of nsSNPs (mutations p.A179T and p.L183Q) on the structure and function of AKT2 that may lead to IR and T2D. Nevertheless, they require further verifications in future protein functional, protein–protein interaction, and large-scale case–control studies. When verified, these results will help in the identification and stratification of individuals who are at risk of IR and T2D for the purpose of prevention and treatment.https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/45/9/471bioinformaticsnsSNPproteinAKT2type 2 diabetesinsulin resistance |
| spellingShingle | M. E. Elangeeb Imadeldin Elfaki M. A. Elkhalifa Khalid M. Adam A. O. Alameen Ahmed Kamaleldin Elfadl Ibrahim Altedlawi Albalawi Kholoud S. Almasoudi Reema Almotairi Basim S. O. Alsaedi Marwan H. Alhelali Mohammad Muzaffar Mir Dnyanesh Amle Rashid Mir In Silico Investigation of AKT2 Gene and Protein Abnormalities Reveals Potential Association with Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Current Issues in Molecular Biology bioinformatics nsSNP protein AKT2 type 2 diabetes insulin resistance |
| title | In Silico Investigation of AKT2 Gene and Protein Abnormalities Reveals Potential Association with Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_full | In Silico Investigation of AKT2 Gene and Protein Abnormalities Reveals Potential Association with Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_fullStr | In Silico Investigation of AKT2 Gene and Protein Abnormalities Reveals Potential Association with Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_full_unstemmed | In Silico Investigation of AKT2 Gene and Protein Abnormalities Reveals Potential Association with Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_short | In Silico Investigation of AKT2 Gene and Protein Abnormalities Reveals Potential Association with Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes |
| title_sort | in silico investigation of akt2 gene and protein abnormalities reveals potential association with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes |
| topic | bioinformatics nsSNP protein AKT2 type 2 diabetes insulin resistance |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/45/9/471 |
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